英语词汇学串讲.ppt

III. Word Formation,3.1. Morpheme Morpheme: It is the minimal meaningful unit of language and cant be further divided. 出题形式：选择，定义 2005年 13. Structurally a（ ）is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A. morpheme B. stem C. word D. compound 答案：A,3. 2. Morphs(形素 ) and Allomorphs(词素变体 ) Morphs：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.,Allomorphs：Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 出题形式：选择，填空，定义 2003（42） morphs， 2002（45）allomorph 2005年 5. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （ ）morpheme. A. formal B. concrete C. free D. bound 答案：C,3.3. Types of Morphemes： free morphemes and bound morphemes. 3.3.1.Free Morphemes： Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root.,3.3.2. Bound Morphemes： Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. Bound Morphemes include bound root and affixes; Affixes can be further divided into inflectional and derivational affixes.,3.3.2.1 bound root: Unlike a free root, it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 3.3.2.2 Affixes： They are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.,Inflectional affixes： Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes： Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,出题形式：选择，填空 2005（14）,2004（5）（19）,2003（17）,2002（15）（20）. 2006年 3. Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as _. A. inflectional affixes B. derivational affixes C. bound roots D. free morphemes 答案: B 10. Chiefly found in derived words, bound morphemes include _. A. bound roots B. inflectional affixes C. derivational affixes D. all the above 答案：D,3.4. Root and Stem： Root：a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed nation， national， nationalize Stem：a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.,3.5. Major and minor word formation processes,blending clipping acronymy back-formation words from proper names,3.6. Affixation Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses：prefixation and suffixation.,3.6.1 Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. Exceptional prefixes：a-, en-, un-, de-,The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class- changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups: (1) Negative prefixes：a-, dis- in-（il-, ir-, im-）, non-, un-. (2) Reversative prefixes：de-, dis-, un-.,(3) Pejorative prefixes：mal-, mis-, pseudo-. (4) Prefixes of degree or size：arch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under-. (5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude：anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-.,(6) Locative prefixes：extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-. (7) Prefixes of time and order：ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-. (8) Number prefixes：bi-, multi-（poly-）, sem i-（hemi-）, tri-, uni-（mono-）. (9）Miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.,3.6.1 Suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.,Criteria of Classifications of suffixation： People group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. If a suffix is fixed at the end of a verb and derives a noun, then this noun is called deverbal nouns. E.g. employer If a suffix is fixed at the end of a noun and derives a noun, then this noun is called denominal mouns. E.g. villager,Classifications of suffixes: (1) Noun suffixes 1)Denominal nouns a. Concrete suffixes: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let. b. Abstract suffixes: -age, -dom, -ery, -ery(-ry), -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship. 2) Deverbal nouns a. suffixes denoting people：-ant, -ee, -ent, -er（-or）. b. Suffixes denoting action, result, process, state, etc. ：-age, -al, -ance, -ation（-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion）, -ence, -ing, -ment. 3) De-adjective nouns：-ity, -ness. 4) Noun and adjective suffixes：-ese, -an, -ist,(2) Adjective suffixes 1）Denominal suffixes：-ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y. 2）Deverbal suffixes: -able（-ible）, -ive（-ative, -sive）. (3) Adverb suffixes：-ly, -ward（：）, -wise. (4) Verb suffixes：-ate, -en, -（i）fy, -ize（-ise）.,出题形式：选择，填空，定义，简答。 2006（42）prefixation， 2005（46），2004（13），2002（4） 2006年 8. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT _. A. ful B. wise C. less D. ike 答案： B,3.7 Compounds Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.,3.7.1 Characteristics of Compounds or differences from free phrases. （1） Phonetic features（语音特征）. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases.,(2) Semantic features（语义特征）. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. (3) Grammatical features（语法特征）： A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.),3.7.2 Formation of Compounds（复合词的构成）: Nouns: moon walk Adjectives: easy-going Verbs: nickname 出题形式：选择，填空，搭配，定义，简答 2004(1), (47) 2006 19. Compounds are different from free phrases in _ unit. 答案：semantic,3.8 Conversion转类法 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix，hence the name zero- derivation.,3.8.1 Classifications of Conversion: The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. (1) Conversion to noun a. Conversion to noun b. Adjective to noun c. Miscellaneous conversion (2) Conversion to verbs转类为动词 a. Noun .to verb b. Adjective to verb c. Miscellaneous conversion,3.8.2 Two categories in the conversion of Adjective to noun （1）Words fully converted： A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or-（e）s to indicate singular or plural number. Such as a native. （2）Words partially converted: Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. Whats more, they retain some of the adjective features, for example, the poor, the rich.,出题形式：定义，简答，搭配 2004(45) conversion 2003(48)What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples.,3.8 Blending Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 2.Blends fall into four major groups： (1) headtail motel (2) headhead comsat (3) headword medicare (4) wordtail workfare 出题形式：搭配，定义2005(43) blending,3.9 Clipping 1.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead is called clipping. 2.four common types of clipping： (1) Front clipping quake (2) Back clipping dorm (3) Front and back clipping flu (4) Phrase clipping zoo 出题形式：搭配，定义,3.10 Acronymy 1.Definition：Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical