英语语法知识汇总.doc

英语语法知识汇总一、词类：1、 动词：动词可以分为四类：系动词（be）、情态动词、行为动词（或称实义动词）以及助动词。（1）系（be）动词：am、is、are、was、wereis、am、are为一类，一般用于一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时中。was和were为另一类，一般用于一般过去时。（2）情态动词can、may 、must、should、would。情态动词后动词总是用原形。（不受其他任何条件影响）（3）行为动词分两类：一是不及物动词，二是及物动词a： 不及物动词：不能直接跟宾语，常须加了介词后方能加宾语。 如：look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about等。 b： 及物动词：后面必须跟宾语，意义才完整。 在及物动词 + 副词构成动副搭配时，代词一定要放中间。 常见的动副搭配的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away等。（4）助动词：do、does、diddo、does，用于一般现在时，did用于一般过去时。2、名词名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was。可数名词单数变复数规则：a一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds b以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches c以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries d以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives e不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice ，child-children， foot-feet ,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese，sheep-sheep3、形容词（包括副词）形容词表示某一事物的特征，副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词只有三种形式：1、原形2、+er 3、+est未作比较的情况下就用原形；比较时就+er；最时就+est另：和一样用asas，中间一定用原形；有than的时候一定+er；有of、in时一般+est。4、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词 物主代词 主格-宾格 形容词性（短）-名词性（长） 第一人称 I-me we-us my-mine our-ours 第二人称you-you you-you your-yours your-yours 第三人称he-him they-them his-his their-theirsShe-her it- it her- -hers its-its人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。物主代词有两类：形容词性物主代词（短的）和名词性物主代词（长的）一般看后面有没有名词，有，就用形容词性物主代词（短的）；无，就用名词性物主代词（长的）。5、数量词基数词和序数词两类，基数用于表示数量多少。序数词用于表示次序，常在日期中出现。序数词的前面一般都加the。6、冠词有a、an、the。an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。二、句子：否定句：如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句：1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。3、如上述二者都没有，就用助动词（do、does、did）+ not。（1）助动词+ not位置在主语（某人或某物）后。 （2）确定助动词用do、does还是did，根据句中动词，动词是原形的就用do+ not，动词是第三人称单数的就用does+ not，莫忘原来的动词单三式要还原。动词是过去式的就有did+ not。莫忘原来的动词过去式要还原。（3）如果句有some的改用any。一般疑问句：如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首，并把首字母大写句末变？即可。2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首、并把首字母大写句末变？即可。3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动词放在句首。确定助动词用do、does还是did，要根据原句中动词，动词是原形的就用do，动词是第三人称单数的就用does，莫忘原来的动词单三式要还原。动词是过去式的就有did，莫忘原来的动词过去式要还原。4、如果句有some的改用any特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？其问法有很多种。问具体时间，如几点钟：用What time （什么时间）问时间： 用 When （什么时候） 问人：用 Who（谁）问名词性物主代词:用Whose （谁的） 问地点：用 Where(在哪里)问选择： Which（哪一个 ） 问原因：用 Why（ 为什么）问东西、事物： What（ 什么） 问颜色：用What colour（什么颜色）问意见：What about。（怎么样） 问星期几：用 What day（星期几） 问日期：用 What date（什么日期） 问目的：用 What for （为何目的）问情况：用 How 。（怎样） 年龄：用 How old（多大年纪） 问意见：用 How about。（怎么样） 问频率： How often（多久） 问时间长度：用How long（多长时间） 问多远；多长距离：用 How far （多远）问数量（可数名词）：用How many（多少数量）问多少钱或数量（不可数）：用 How much（多少钱；多少数量） 祈使句：表示请求或命令别人做某事或不要做某事。肯定祈使句是以动词原形开头（有时用please），否定的祈使句是Dont加动词原形开头。一、时态1.一般现在时：Hello,.我是一般现在时，我的本领如下：一，定义：1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。二，构成：1.句中有 be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。2.句中是行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加-s或-es。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。这里需要同学们掌握动词单三式的构成规则：1.大多数动词直接在词尾加s 例如：sings dancss writes plays2、以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的加es例如：watches washes goes does3、以辅音字母加y结尾的把y变i加es例如：studystudies crycries carrycarries三，我的变化（变否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句）否定句：He is a worker.他是工人。-He is not a worker.他不是工人。I like bread.我喜欢面包。- I dont like bread. 我不喜欢面包。 He runs very fast。他跑的很快。-He doesnt run very fast。他跑的不快。一般疑问句：在变一般疑问句时，如果句中有I、we的要把I、we变成you，另外，在一般疑问句中，句首动词一般和答语中动词一样。He is a worker.-Is he a worker？ Yes，he is。No，he isnt. Im in Class Two.-Are you in Class Two？ -Yes，I am. / No, Im not.We are students。- Are you students? Yes，we are。No，we arent.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？对于特殊疑问句的回答要具实回答。Where is my bike?-Its under the tree。 Where does she go？-She goes to school 。 小朋友们，下次见到我时，千万不要忘记我是一般现在时啊！一般现在时课堂练习一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式。(讨论第三人称单数形式的变化规则)Model: clean cleans1) watch _ 2) have _ 3) cook_ 4) go _ 5) fly _ 6) make _ 二用动词的正确形式填空。1. We often_(play) in the playgound.2. He _(get) up at six oclock.3. _you _(brush) your teeth every morning.4. What_(do) he usually_(do) after school?5.Danny_(study)English,Chinese,Maths, Science and Art an school.6. Mike sometimes _(go) to the park with his sister.7. At eight at night, she _(watch) TV with his parents.8. _ Mike_(read) English every day?9、Tom (swim) in the river now.10、Its eight oclock now. The boys (watch) TV.11、She usually (do) her homework in the evening.12、Tom and Tony cant (swim).13、What does your father _ (do)? Hes a worker.14、Look! Jim and Tom (run) there.三改句子1.Do you often play football after school? (肯定回答)2. I have many books. （改为否定句）3. Gao Shans sister likes playing table tennis （改为否定句）4. She lives in a small town near New York. （改为一般疑问句）5. I watch TV every day. （改为一般疑问句）6. David has got a goal. （改为一般疑问句）四、选择填空：( )1. Look! LiPing and Li Ying _ basketball now.A. play B. plays C. are playing ( )2. Can I_ this book?A. have B. has C. having( )3. I to music at 7:00 this morning.A. listen B. listening C. listens( )4. What _ that in the box? A shirt. A. am B. is C. are D. be( )5. Can I TV? Sure. A. watching B. watch C. see( )6、She like swimming. A. doesnt B. dont C. isnt.( )7. Here the money. A. are B. is C. am ( )8. There _ a table and two chairs in Jennys room. A. am B. is C. are 2、一般过去时：Hello,我是一般过去时，我表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：There was a table and two chairs just now。 She went home yesterday。构成：1.句中有 be动词：主语+be(was，were)+其它。如：I was at home yesterday。2.句中是行为动词：主语+行为动词过去时(+其它)。如：We studied English last night. 动词Be在一般过去时中的变化：am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent）带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句：主语+didnt +动词原形+其它，如：Jim went home yesterday.-Jim didnt go home yesterday. 一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如：Jim went home yesterday.-Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？如：Jim went home yesterday.-Did Jim go home yesterday?What did Jim do yesterday?这里需要同学们掌握动词过去式变化规则：1一般在动词末尾加-ed， 如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked2结尾是e加d， 如：taste-tasted3以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied4特殊记忆：双写加-ed， 如：stop-stopped5不规则动词过去式：词义现在（原形）过去是am, is (be)was是are (be)were成为becomebecame开始beginbegan买buybought能cancould捕捉catchcaught选择choosechose来comecame切cutcut做do, doesdid画drawdrew饮drinkdrank吃eatate感觉feelfelt发现findfound飞flyflew忘记forgetforgot得到getgot给givegave走gowent成长growgrew有have, hashad听hearheard受伤hurthurt保持keepkept知道knowknew学习learnlearned, learnt允许，让letlet制造makemade放置putput读readread骑、乘riderode跑runran说saysaid看见seesaw唱歌singsang坐下sitsat睡觉sleepslept说speakspoke一般过去时练习写出下列动词的过去式 isam_ fly_ plant_ are _drink_ play_ go_ make _does_ dance_ worry_ ask _taste_ eat_ draw_ put _throw_ kick_ pass_ do _一、用be动词的适当形式填空1I _ at school just now.2He _ at the camp last week.3We _ students two years ago.4They _ on the farm a moment ago.5Yang Ling _ eleven years old last year.6There _ an apple on the plate yesterday.7The mobile phone _ on the sofa yesterday evening.8She _ happy yesterday.9They _ glad to see each other last month.二、句型转换1. It was exciting. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_2. All the students were very excited. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_3. They were in his pocket. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_4. There was a car in front of the house just now. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_肯、否定回答：_三、用行为动词的适当形式填空1. He _ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.2. The cat _ (eat) a bird last night.3. We _ (have) a party last Halloween.4. Nancy _ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.5. I _ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.6. They _ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.7. My mother _ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.8. The girls _ (sing) and _ (dance) at the party.9. I _ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.10. Her father _ (read) a newspaper last night.11. We _ to zoo yesterday, we _ to the park. (go)12. _ you _ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?13. _ he _ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he _.14. Gao Shan _ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.15. I _ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother _.16. What _ she _ (find) in the garden last morning? She _ (find) a beautiful butterfly.17. Tom and Mary _ (come) to China last month.18. Mike _(not go) to bed until 12 oclock last night.So he _ (get) up late.19. Mary _ (read) English yesterday morning.20. Tom _ (begin) to learn Chinese last year.21. My mother _ (not do) housework yesterday.22. There _ a telephone call for you just now. (be)23. -When _ you _ (come) to china?-Last year.24. _ (be) it cold in your city yesterday?25. How many people _ (be) there in your class last term?26. There _ (be) a football match on TV yesterday evening, but I _ (have) no time to watch it.四、句型转换1. Su Hai took some photos at the Sports day. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_2. Nancy went to school early. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_3. We sang some English songs. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_4. They played football in the playground. 否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯、否定回答：_3、现在进行时：Hi,我的名字叫现在进行时，我表示正在发生或进行的动作。构成：主语+be(am / is / are)+现在分词(V-ing)这里需要同学们掌握现在分词的构成规则：1.大多数动词直接在词尾加-ing，例如：go-going, work-working, study-studying, look-looking等。2.以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，需去掉e再加-ing，例如：make-making, write-writing, skate-skating等。3.特殊记忆：双写加-ing。一个m (swim-swimming)一个g (dig-digging)三个n (run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)三个p (stop-stopping, shop-shopping, drop-dropping)六个t (sit-sitting, hit-hitting, get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting)现在进行时的判定方法1.若句首用了提示词listen或look，则其后的句子常用现在进行时。例如：Listen! Who is singing in the classroom?2.当句首或句末用了副词now时，此句子常用现在进行时。例如：Now the students are writing the new words. 3.根据具体的语境判定用现在进行时。例如：Dont talk, your brother is doing his homework.-Whats he doing?-He is flying a kite.特殊come, go, leave等短暂性动词常用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。例如：Im coming.我就来。Were going to Shanghai this afternoon.今天下午我们将要去上海。现在进行时课堂练习一、写出下列动词的现在分词。Model: clean cleaning1) watch _ 2) wash _ 3) cook_ 4) use _ 5) swim _ 6) carry _7）run- 8）write 9）do二、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Look! The children_(swim) in the river.2. Now we_(want) to play basketball.3. -_you_(draw) a picture?-No, Im not. I_(write) a letter.4What are you _(do) now? I _(eat) bread.5.Its nine oclock. My father_(work) in the office.6.Look, the boy_(put) the rubbish into the bin.7._he_(clean) the classroom? No, he isnt. He_(play).8.Where is Mak? He_(run) on the grass.9.Listen, who_(sing) in the music room? Oh, Mary_(sing) there.三、选择填空：( )1. Look! LiPing and Li Ying _ basketball now.A. play B. plays C. are playing ( )2. Can I_ this book?A. have B. has C. having( )3. I to music at 7:00 this morning.A. listen B. listening C. listens( )4. What _ that in the box? A shirt. A. am B. is C. are D. be( )5. Can I TV? Sure. A. watching B. watch C. see( )6、She like swimming. A. doesnt B. dont C. isnt.( )7. Here the money. A. are B. is C. am ( )8. There _ a table and two chairs in Jennys room. A. am B. is C. are 4、一般将来时：Hi,我是一般将来时，我表示在将来时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。与表示将来的时间连用：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。如：She will visit Shanghai tomorrow.构成一般将来时有两种构成形式：1主语+shall/will+do+其它2. 主语+ be going to + do 表示“打算干”用法（1主语+shall/will+动词原形+其它 (will可用于所有人称，shall只用于第一人称I和we) 这种结构不是表示自己的打算、意图或计划，而是表示未来的事实或对将来的预测等如：No one will do heavy work.Roberts will do everything for us.2.主语+ be going to + do这种结构常用来表达自己打算做某事、计划做某事或者有意做某事。注意：be 动词要与主语的人称和数一致，如：I am going to do some reading tomorrow.He is going to have a piano lesson next week.We are going to have a party this Friday.另：句式变换否定句：主语+shall/will+not+do（will not 可缩写成wont） 主语+ be+ not+ going to +do一般疑问句：shall/will+主语+ dobe+主语+going to+do特殊疑问句：疑问词+ shall/will+主语+do 疑问词+be+主语+going to+do巩固练习一、改句子。 5. Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定） Nancy _ going to go camping. 6. Ill go and join them.（改否定） I _ go _ join them. 7. Im going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑问句） _ _ _ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? 8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.