新概念学习笔记.docxVIP

as和which引导的非限定性定语从句as 引导非限定性定语从句as we know 众所周知As we know, the earth is round.As Brane pointed out, giving up smoking is the easiest thing to do in the world.As the headmaster mentioned, one is never too old to learn.正如这位校长所提及的，活到老，学到老。as，which都可以引导非限定性定语从句。但 as 重点突出整个句子的含义 ，而which有可能指代主句当中某个词的含义，也有可能指代整个句子的含义。 As 引导非限定性定语从句，可以用于主句之前，as和主句之间要有一个逗号分隔开来。As we expected, John was admitted to the university. 正如我们所预料的，John被这所大学入取了。As 引导非限定性定语从句，也可以用在主句之后，这时就相当于whichShe married him, which was unexpected.She married him as was unexpected. 但是在as所引导的非限定性定语从句中，如果运用的是被动语态结构，被动词可以省略。She married him as unexpected. （was省略）The material is elastic as shown in the figure. 如图显示，这种材料是富有弹性的。在这种情况下，shown之前省略了谓语动词，这时就不能把as换成which . 如果要用which 则要补上谓语动词。The material is elastic, which is shown in the figure. used to be和used toWe are less credulous than we used to be.这是明显现在与过去的对比 eg. We are less credulous than we used to be. 我们不再像以前那样轻信于人了。are 表示现在的情况 / used to be 过去的情况eg. We are not so honest as we used to be.我们不像过去那么诚实了.谓语动词是be动词的时候用used to be,而不用used to 谓语动词是使役动词的时候用used toeg. He works less hard than he used to.Too . to 结构It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities. 我们总是去责备铁路当局。Too . to 结构中，在too之前出现了all, only, but, not等词时，to 后的从句就有肯定意义。-He is but too eager to get home. 他太急于要回家了。-One is never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。-Im all/but too glad to have someone to speak to.(一)独立主格结构独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。(1)功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)(2)用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。(3)形式一般独立主格形式与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式;n. +不定式;n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。名词/主格代词+形容词如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。名词/主格代词+介词短语如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。名词/主格代词+名词His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。(二) 独立主格结构with ( without) 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。not only., but (also ) . (as well) 此句型，要突出介词短语或动词短语中的介词，则此介词要重复出现。Eg: I live in dread not only of dogs, but of cats.We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths.(3 54)be afraid ofEg: I am afraid not only of dogs, but of cats.both . and .Eg: We live in dread of both dogs and cats.I am interested not only in English, but in French.be +动词不定式（即be + to do sth.）的用法如下1.表示按计划或安排要做的事。例如： When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家？ She is to be married next month.她将于下个月结婚。 The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time.女王将于一周后访问日本。 这种结构也可用于过去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做的事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即命中注定要发生的事）”，而非计划；was / were to have done sth.表示未曾实现的计划。例如： I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到很紧张，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。 They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告了别，不知道以后再也不会见面了。 We were to have told you, but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。 2.表示“应该”，相当于should, ought to。例如： You are to report to the police.你应该报警。 What is to be done?应该怎么办呢？ 3.表示“必须”，相当于must, have to。例如： The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须亲手交给他。 You are to do your homework before you watch TV.看电视之前你得先做完作业。 4.表示“想，打算”，相当于intend, want。例如： If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.如果我们要在十点前到，我们现在就得走。 5.用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如： Am I to go on with the work?要我继续完成这项工作吗？ What are we to do next?我们下一步该怎么办？ 6.用于否定句，表示“禁止”，相当于mustnt。例如： The books in this room are not to be taken outside.这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。 You are not to smoke in the reading-room.你不可以在阅览室里吸烟。 7.表示“可以，可能”，相当于may, can。例如： The news is to be found in the evening paper.这条消息可以在晚报上见到。 Such people are to be found everywhere.这种人到处都有。 She is nowhere to be found.在哪里也找不着她。 8.were to do sth.用于if或even if / even though从句中，表示对未来的假设。例如： If I were to tell you that I killed him, would you believe me?要是我告诉你是我杀了他，你会相信吗？ Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would never do such a thing.即使太阳从西边出来，我也决不做这种事。 9.be to blame(该受责备，对某坏事应负责任)与be to let(待出租)两种结构中，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例如： Which driver is to blame for the accident?这事故是哪个司机的责任？ This house is to let.这房子要出租。对将要发生的事，如果人的意志不能控制，人为不能安排，则不可以用”be to do”,而要用will ,be going to do.如：It will rain. It is going to rain. 不可用It is to rain.Will表示未经事先考虑而只是说话时临时作出的决定，表示说话人认为，相信，希望或假定要发生的事，也可表示倾向性或规律性，事物的固有属性或必然趋势。Be going to 表示事先经过考虑，或有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生，一般带有时间状语，常用于口语。一般现在时表按时刻表或按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作(常见动词如come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, return, stop, open, close等)现在进行时表按计划、安排近期发生的动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等）be about to do(此形式不能与时间状语连用）there be总结高阶（课there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback）There be 是英语中常用句型， 意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”。There在此结构中是引导词，已经没有副词“那里”的含义。There be 后面的名词是句子的主语，属倒装结构。疑问句形式是将be或will/have/can/must等助动词、情态动词提至there之前，否定形式则直接在be或助动词、情态动词后加not，因