篇章词汇理解(学生).doc

Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A篇章词汇理解（15选10）一、篇章词汇理解题型的特点篇章词汇理解是介于阅读理解和完形填空之间的一种新题型，其英文名称为“Blanked Cloze”，属于较高层次的“完形填空”。在大学英语四级考试中，该题目为一篇长度在200250词的文章，文中留出10个空，要求考生从文后15个备选单词中选择合适的词语填充。这一题型着重考查学生对于词汇词性的辨别，常用搭配的掌握，以及上下文的衔接等。备选词汇词性分布（共15词）名词动词形容词副词4545452篇章选词填空不考虚词，只靠实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词等）。二、20082012年四级真题篇章词汇理解词汇考点及词性分布情况2008年2009年2010年2011年2012年名词12月（3题）：desire；diversity；characters12月（2题）：aspects；quality12月（3题）：contributions；abilities；extent 12月（4题）：growth；challenges；role；solutions12月（4题）：concern；variety；items；criteria 6月（4题）：interviews；regret；moments；balloon6月（2题）：mission；performance6月（2题）：sense；exceptions6月（0题）：6月（3题）：communities；recession；households动词12月（4题）：escape；respect；establishing；widen12月（5题）：recruited；recording；analyzed；established；contributing12月（3题）：raised；achieve；indicates12月（3题）：combined；included；comprise12月（4题）：taking；stop；prefer；specify6月（3题）：claim；limited；accomplish6月（2题）：require；enhance；6月（4题）：replace；expand；protect；powering6月（3题）：tend；associated；function6月（4题）：survive；gather；serves；reported形容词12月（1题）：abundant12月（2题）：total；unsure12月（2题）：psychological；smart 12月（2题）：stable；significant12月（1题）：available6月（2题）：advanced；scary6月（4题）：painful；enormous；emotional；closer6月（3题）：reduced；vast；historic6月（5题）：negative；alert；younger；continuing；different6月（2题）：domestic；surrounding副词12月（2题）：naturally；properly12月（1题）：already12月（2题）：essentially；eventually12月（1题）：certainly12月（1题）：nationwide6月（1题）：totally6月（2题）：especially；daily6月（1题）：incredibly6月（2题）：efficiently；definitely6月（1题）：financially三、应试策略 篇章词汇阅读主要测试考生在语篇、段落层次上对词汇的运用，考生应牢记不能孤立的看待每一个空格，要注意联系上下文进行综合分析。考生可以按照以下几步巧做篇章词汇阅读。1. 快速阅读选项，进行词性分类。2. 分析空格所在句子结构，判断所填词的词性和形式。3. 根据空格所在句含义及上下文，推测所填词含义和色彩。4. 将筛选出的选项带入空格，联系上下文确定答案。5. 复读原文，谨慎调整。四、真题实战演练1. 名词辨析题(1) Finding the resources to meet this demand in a stable sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nations energy security, and will be one of the major 49 of the 21st century.（2011年12月）解析：空格前为形容词major，之前还有one of，因此需要填入名词的复数形式。备选名词有：growth；challenges；role；solutions。由于空格之前的分句提到，用一种稳定的、可持续的方式来满足需求，因此空格处用challenges“挑战”概括最合适。(2) Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior. （2010年12月）解析：空格前的important表明，本空格应填名词，且该词能与空前的made和空后的to搭配使用。备选名词有：contributions；abilities；extent。由下面提到的“提供了生物学在多大程度上影响思维、大脑和行为的信息”可知，行为遗传学对生物革命有帮助，即做出了贡献，故答案为contributions。(3) So in the broadest 50, the greenest home is the one that has already been built.（2010年6月）解析：空格处缺少名词，备选名词有：accommodations；exceptions；sense。in a broad narrow sense在广狭义上、in the broadest sense在最广义上来说，故sense为正确答案。(4) A bookless life is an incomplete life. Books influence the depth and breadth of life. They meet the natural 47 for freedom, for expression, for creativity and beauty of life.（2008年12月）解析：根据空格前形容词natural可知，此处应填入名词。备选名词有：characters“人物，性格”；desire“要求，渴望”；diversity“多样性”；escape“逃离，逃跑”；personnel“全体职员，人事”和 respect“尊重”。结合上下文确定是desire，构成固定短语 meetdesire，意为“满足的要求”。此句意思是：它们能满足对自由、语言表达、创造力和美好生活的渴望。2. 动词辨析题(1) French fries, washed down with a pint of soda, are a favorite part of fast-food lunches and dinners for millions of American youngsters. But 47 a cue from health experts, a group of 19 restaurant companies are pledging to offer more-healthful menu options for children at a time when concern is growing over the role of fast food in childhood obesity(肥胖症).（2012年12月）解析：空格处应填入动名词，备选动词有：taking；stop；prefer；specify；recommending。因为take a cue from 为固定搭配，表示按的指点行事，故选择taking。(2)it would be incredibly wasteful to tear them all down and 48 them with greener versions.（2010年6月）解析：and为连词，连接tear和另外一个动词，所以此空缺少动词，备选动词有： expand；protect；replace。由于replace something with something为固定搭配，意思是“用某物取代某物”，因此replace为正确答案。replace them with greener versions的意思是用更绿色的版本取代之前的。(3)“Its well 54 that the mothers language does have an impact,” said Nadya Pancsofar, the lead author of the study.（2009年12月）解析：空格位于is well和that从句之间，此处需要填入动词的过去分词形式。备选词有：analyzed 分析；established确定的，证实的；quoted 引用；recruited 招聘，招募。established 符合题意， it is well established that，意为“大家公认”。(4) Readers turn naturally to books because their curiosity concerning all manners of things, their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to 49 from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for the mind and the spirit.（2008年12月）解析：由空格前的need to中的不定式标志to可知，空格处应该填入动词原形。选项中动词原形有：derive“取得，源于”；desire“渴望，欲望”；escape“逃离，逃跑”；respect“尊重”和widen“扩大，增加”。选项中能与空格后的介词from搭配的只有derive和escape。短语derive from“源于 ”，而escape from意为“从中逃离”。结合上下文确定是escape，此句的意思是：因为读者对各种事物的好奇心、对分享他人经历的渴望以及逃离有限的生活环境的需求都使他们愿意在书中寻找精神食粮，所以他们会很自然地查阅书籍。3. 形容词辨析题(1) For example, even with 53 investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development included inthe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels comprise only about 1% of the market today.（2011年12月）解析：空格位于介词with和名词investments之间，需要填入形容词作定语，修饰investments。备选形容词有：stable；significant；marvelous。根据句意，即使有了9300万美元的投资，重要替代性能源也只占了目前市场份额的1%左右，由此可推断这样的投资数量是比较大的，故significant“大量的；重大的”符合题意。(2) And it would take an average of 65 years for the 49 carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one.（2010年6月）解析：分析句子可知，此空格处应填入形容词。备选项有：clumsy笨拙的；doubtful疑问的；reduced减少的；historic历史的；vast巨大的。首次判断可将clumsy，doubtful，historic排除，句中的“make up”是关键, _的二氧化碳释放物补偿（make up）损失的资源，根据句意可得到答案reduced。4. 副词辨析题(1) As part of the Kids Live Well campaign-expected to be announced 54 Wednesdayparticipating restaurants must promise to offer at least one childrens meal that has fewer than 600 calories(卡路里), no soft drinks and at least two items from the following food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins or low-fat dairy. （2012年12月）解析：根据句意可知，(Kid Live Well)“让孩子们生活的更好”运动应该是全国范围内展开的一场大型运动，所以填副词nationwide。(2) Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are 50 being funded and developed, and will play a growing role in the worlds energy supply.（2011年12月）解析：空格位于be动词are和动词词组being funded and developed之间且句子结构完整，所以此处需要填入副词修饰谓语动词词组。备选词汇有：certainly；exactly。结合上文，“寻找合适的资源是我们国家能源安全的基石，是21世纪主要的挑战之一”，由此可推断资助发展替代性能源是理所当然的事情，故答案为certainly“无疑，确定”。 Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section A篇章词汇理解（15选10）（1）Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onAnswer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.French fries, washed down with a pint of soda, are a favorite part of fast-food lunches and dinners for millions of American youngsters. But 47 a cue from health experts, a group of 19 restaurant companies are pledging to offer more-healthful menu options for children at a time when 48 is growing over the role of fast food in childhood obesity(肥胖症).Burger King, the nations second-largest fast food chain, for instance, will 49 automatically including French fries and soda in its kids meals starting this month, although they will still be 50. Instead, the company said Tuesday, its employees will ask parents whether they 51 such options as milk or sliced apples before assembling the meals. “Were asking the customers to 52 what they want,” said Craig Prusher, the chains vice president of government relations. Other participating chains, with a 53 of menu options, including Dennys, Chilis, Friendlys and Chevys.As part of the Kids Live Well campaign-expected to be announced 54 Wednesdayparticipating restaurants must promise to offer at least one childrens meal that has fewer than 600 calories(卡路里), no soft drinks and at least two 55 from the following food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins or low-fat dairy. Among other requirements, they must offer a side dish that meets similar 56, with fewer than 200 calories and less than 35%of its calories from sugar.A) adapt B) available C) begin D) concernE) criteria F) items G) nationwide H) possibleI) prefer J) recommendingK) species L) specify M) stop N) taking O) variety （2）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a ward bank Read the passage through carefully before making your choices Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each them on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.One in six. Believe it or not, thats the number of Americans who struggle with hanger. To make tomorrow a little better, Feeding Action Month. As part of its 30 Ways in 30 Days program, its asking 48 across the country to help the more than 200 food banks and 61,000 agencies in its network provide low-income individuals and families with the fuel they need to 49 .Its the kind of work thats done every day at St. Andrews Episcopal Church in San Antonio, People who 50 at its front door on the first and third Thursdays of each month arent looking for God-theyre there for something to eat, St. Andrews runs a food pantry(食品堂)that 51 the city and several of the 52 towns. Janet Drane is its manager.In the wake of the 53 .the number of families in need of food assistance began to grow. It is 54 that 49 million Americans are unsure of where they will find their next meal. Whats most surprising is that 36% of them live in 55 where at least one adult is working. “It used to be that one job was all you needed.” says St. Andrews Drane. “The people we see now have three or four part-time jobs and theyre still right on the edge 56.”A) survive B) surroundingC) serves D) reviewedE) reportedF)recession G) households H) gatherI) formallyJ) financiallyK)domestic L) competition M) communitiesN)circling O) accumulate （3）Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onAnswer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.With the worlds population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this 47 will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years.Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48 sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nations energy security, and will be one of the major 49 of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are 50 being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51 in the worlds energy supply. But experts say that even when 52, alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the worlds energy needs by 2050.For example, even with 53 investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54 inthe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55 only about 1% of the market today.Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56 both traditional and alternative.A) stable B) solutions C) significant D) role E) progressF) marvelousG) included H) growth I) exactly J) consistK) comprise L) competitions M) combined N) challenges O) certainly （4）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday. While elderly people 47 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a(n) 48 effect on their brains performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research. Sean Drummond, a psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said that older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping 49 straight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is 50 with better health, and most older people would feel better and more 51 if they slept for longer periods, he said. The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to 52 well does not change, Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego. Its 53 a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were 54. Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from 55 to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. Thats 56 from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount we need at 75.A) alert B) associated C) attracting D) cling E) continuing F) definitely G) different H) efficiently I) formally J) function K) mixed L) negative M) sufficient N) tend O) younger（5） Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47. The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior. Any research that suggests that 50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 52 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 53 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture (养育), by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 56 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning. A) abilitiesB) achieveC) appeal D) complaints E) contributions F) displayed G) essentially H) eventually I) extent J) indicatesK) proceeds L) psychological M) raised N) smart O) standard （6）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled masterpieces that make the covers of architecture magazines. But the U.S. has more than 100 million existing homes, and i