英语口语自学指导.doc

英语口语（1）第1-3单元自学指导第1-3单元涉及的语言功能包括介绍、问候，邀请、通知，请求、提供帮助，所涉及的话题是结交西方朋友、邀请/被邀请时应注意的事项以及美国高等教育的现状。一、文化背景知识1结交新朋友：结交英语国家的朋友，要注意文化习惯的不同，有时会出现一个表达方法虽无语法、词汇方面的错误，却不能进行有效交流或造成误解的情况。因此需注意： 英美国家的人以他们特有的方式互相问候，问候语有正式、非正式之别；初次见面时有些话题可以谈论，有些涉及个人生活和各种敏感性问题的话题不适宜谈论（Safe topics: weather / sport / hobbies / movies / holidays / books/ jobs / music /studies；Unsafe topics: age / marital status / income / property / religion / political views / prices of personal belongings） 英美国家的人在很多情况下不使用职业+姓氏这种称谓。2邀请请客吃饭对于东西方有着不同的理解。英语中有一句谚语 “We eat to live, not live to eat” （我们吃饭是为了生存，但生存不是为了吃饭），透过这句成语，也许我们可以理解为什么被外国朋友请去吃饭时发现“吃得很简单”。做客需要注意的事项有： 在吃饭过程中吸烟被认为是无礼的； 在应邀吃饭时客人一般应按时或晚到几分钟，除非是非常要好的朋友，提前到或迟到很久被认为是失礼的； 吃饭时主人会说 “Help yourself!” 或 “Would you like some more?”，客人应把自己盘里的饭菜吃掉，不要剩下； 客人给主人带礼物通常考虑对方的年龄、爱好等，礼物不论轻重，包装一定要美观。 二、请参照下面的表格总结你的学习进展情况。FunctionsUseful expressionsTopicsIntroducing oneselfIntroducing othersResponding to introductionsGreetings/repliesIm/My name is/My names/ By the way, my name isPlease call meAllow me to introduce myself. Im fromThis is / Meet Let me introduce/ Id like to introduce/ Allow me to introduce/ May I have the pleasure of introducingNice to meet you/Glad/pleased/ happy to meet you.Ive heard so much about you.Hi/ Hello/How are you/ How have you been/ How are you doing?/How do you do?Hi/Hello! Fine. Thanks./ How do you do? What topics of conversation are suitable between Chinese and a Westerner? State them and give your reasons. What are the sensitive issues that wed better not to touch on when we talk with foreigners? Why? What are the differences between Chinese and westerners in greeting people/addressing people? State them and give your reasons.Extending/Accepting /declining invitationsMaking announcementsDo you feel like/what about/how about doing sth.I was wondering if you would like to do sth?Thats a terrific/great/ wonderful idea.That sounds like a /great/wonderful idea.Thanks for the invitation/ Its very nice of you to invite us.Sorry, but I have to do sth./ Id love to, but I wont be able to/ Im afraid I cant.Hello, everyone, I have got something to say.Ladies and gentlemen, I have an announcement to make/ Id like to tell you Thank you for your attention. What is a typical Chinese guest / host like? What is a typical Western guest /host like? What differences in culture do you see at a Chinese dinner party and a Western dinner party?Making requests / Responding to requestsOffering to help/ Responding to offersCan/could you do sth., please?Will /would you do sth., please?Would you mind doing sth.?Would you be so kind as to do sth.?Sure/ Certainly.Id be glad to. Can/May I help you?Would you like me to do sth?Shall I do sth?Is there anything I can do for you?Yes, please. Thats very kind of you.Thanks for the offer, but I think I can manage.What differences do you know between Chinese colleges and American colleges?What extracurricular activities do you enjoy?三、以口头或笔头方式复习在下列情景中应如何提问应答： Youre at a job interview. What do you say to introduce yourself to the department manager who is the interviewer? You meet Mr Smith, an American friend at a party. Greet each other and talk about the weather, the course you are taking and the work your friend is engaged in. Youve just got a job at a joint-venture company. It is your first day of work. Introduce yourself to your colleagues with whom you share the same office. Youre reading in your classroom. An American man comes to the door, and introduces himself as Jack and wants to see one of your classmates. Greet him, introduce yourself, and offer to look for the classmate for him. What do you say? What would you say to end a conversation with the following persons: an old friend/ your teacher/ a stranger whom you just met or who has just helped you? Youve been asked by your university to go to the airport to meet Professor Jones, a famous British writer. Youve seen his photo and think the man whos coming out is Professor Jones. Approach him and introduce yourself. What do you say? Youre taking your American friend Peter to your Chinese friends birthday party. Now youve arrived at your friends home. Introduce Peter and your friend to each other. What do you say to accept your friends invitation to have dinner at his home? Also ask if he needs anything that you can take to him. Youd like to invite your classmate to play tennis with you after class. You know hes busy with his study, but you think some sport activities will do good to him. What do you say? Youd like very much to go with your friend for a movie tonight when he asks you. But you have a night class that you dont want to miss. What do you say to him? Your friend has typed your term paper for you, and did an excellent job. What do you say to your friend? You are having dinner with a friend. You dont really like the food, but you dont want to offend your friend. What do you say to your friend after the dinner? You are repairing a broken chair and need some help. Your friend is watching TV. What would you say to ask for help? Youd like your roommate to turn off the TV so that you can go to sleep. What do you say to tell him about this?英语口语（1）第4-6单元自学指导第4-6单元涉及的语言功能包括道歉、感谢，建议、劝告，警告、命令，所涉及的话题是与讲英语人士约会应注意的事项、西方图书馆的使用和西方节日习俗。一、文化背景知识预约：拜访他人之前先要做好安排，向被访者提出前去的目的、时间和地点，经双方商定后才能去拜访。需注意在西方不但看病、到公司访问这类的事情需提前约定，像请教授批阅自己的作业、论文或者去好朋友家作客也需要提前预约。与他人预约时间，说话应客气，应使用与人商量的婉转的口气。感谢：“Thank you”在英语语言文化环境中比在中国文化环境中运用更频繁、广泛。在英语文化环境中，人们对他人给予的巨大帮助要表示感谢，对举手之劳的小事也要表示感谢。因此致谢的场合有很多，像找钱、回答询问、受到邀请、受到称赞等，都需表示感谢。即使是学生交作业本给老师，老师也要说一声“Thank you”。实际上，只要一样东西从一个人手中传递到另一个人手中，第二个人都会说一声“Thank you.”（参看阅读材料1）。建议和劝告西方人独立意识很强，所以除非他们要求你提建议，一般不要直截了当地建议别人“应该怎么样做”。因此提建议常用委婉的表达方式（参看阅读材料2）。二、请参照下面的表格总结你的学习进展情况。FunctionsUseful expressionsTopicsThanking peopleMaking apologies Responding to apologiesMaking appointmentsThank you. /Thanks a lot. Im grateful to you forIm sorry. Im very sorry. Im so sorry. Im sorry to say that/ Im sorry butI apologize forNever mind about that / it.Thats all right. Forget it.It doesnt matter.Its nothing at all.How about/what about +time /place?What time is convenient for you?Are you free? In the Western countries is it common to make appointments to visit professionals such as doctors, dentists, barbers? Is it common to do so in China? In the Western countries is it acceptable / common to call at a friends house/ visit a teacher without phoning first? Making suggestionsGiving adviceAsking for adviceHow about /What about doing sth.?Lets do sth.You should/ought to do sth.Youd better do sth.I suggest you do sth.I (strongly) advise / would advise you to do sth.What do you advise me to do?Can you give me some advice?I need your advice on sth. Describe your city / community / school library. What facilities does it have? How do you make use of the library for your studies? What books do you like to read? Giving CommandsGiving warnings.Prohibitions.Do sth.Tell sb. not to do sth.You are to do sth.You are not allowed to do sth.Look out! / Watch out.Take care not to do sth.No smoking. Do you know of any holidays when people play tricks on each other? What do you know about Halloween / Thanksgiving Day / Christmas? Which traditional Chinese festival is the most important one to the Chinese people? Which festival is the most important one to the Westerners? What is your favorite festival? What do you often do during the festival? 三、以口头或笔头方式复习在下列情景中应如何提问应答： A classmate took your notebook without telling you. Now he has returned it. You do not mind his using your notebook, but you want him to tell you and get your permission to use it first. What would you say? You dropped and broke your friends teacup. What do you say to apologize? You think your English teacher speaks so fast in class that you can hardly follow him. What do you say to him? Your friend has a sore throat and cant stop coughing. What would you say to her? You have a difficult essay to write, but you dont know how to approach it. Ask your friend for advice. What would you say to him/her? Youre longing to take a weekend trip with your friend. The day before you go, your friend calls to tell you that she has to prepare for an exam in the coming week. You feel disappointed. However, you wish your friend good luck and rearrange for the trip. What would you say? Its your turn to give the oral English report at the beginning of the class. But you have forgotten that and got unprepared. What do you say to apologize to the students and the teacher? You have an appointment on Wednesday with your English teacher to talk about your term paper. Now you realise you need to do more library research first. Call your teacher and ask if you can change your appointment to Friday. What would you say? The floor is wet. Tell your friend to watch his /her steps. What are different ways to warn her? Your teacher has spent about an hour to correct your papers. You feel grateful. What would you say? 四、阅读材料Passage 1 Saying ThanksExpressions of gratitude and thanks are found in every culture. It is common to say “Thank you” for an invitation, a present, an offer of help, etc. Although some native speakers of English have the reputation of being informal in their conversations, they are accustomed to using a set of behavior and speech pattern that are culturally defined as polite.Differences arise between the Chinese and the English-speaking people in that we Chinese do not use “Thank you” so frequently between family members or very intimate friends as Westerners do. If one should do so in China, it might sound strange or suggest a remote relationship.However, the native speakers of English say “Thank you” in nearly every situation, no matter how minor or routine it is. When someone, no matter who he is, does something for you, however trivial it is, it is proper to say “Thank you”. For example, you would say “Thank you” in any one of the following circumstances: if someone picked up and handed to you something you had dropped; if a stranger showed you the way to go; if a member of the family, even if quite young, brought you something you wanted; if the postman handed you a letter; or if a clerk in a store handed you the article you had bought.Often, “Thank you” has no particular meaning; it is a mere expression on the tip of the tongue to show courtesy.Passage Two Giving AdviceThere are many ways to trying to get people to do things for their own good. The expressions you use depend on:1. How difficult or unpleasant the action that you suggest is.2. Who you are and whom you are talking tothe roles you are playing and your relationship with each other.You also have to remember the advice on personal matters is usually given only to close friends or when someone asks for it. People in the West like to “do their own things” and “mind their own business”. Excessive eagerness to offer advice or to suggest some course of action regardless of circumstances might be seen as an intrusion upon privacy.Passage Three Apologizing and ForgivingWe apologize to show that we have made a mistake and we are sorry for it. We also apologize to express our regret or sorrow for something. When we make an apology, we usually add to it a reason or excuse that might fit the situation. For example, when you apologize for being late, you might say “Im sorry Im late. Im afraid I was called to the phone just as I was going to leave.” After the excuse there sometimes (not always) comes an offer or a promise to make up for the mistake or not to let the action happen again.There are different types of apologies, but the type of apology we use depends on how well we know the person. If you stand on someones toe, you might say “Oh, sorry” to a friend; but if it is a stranger, you have to say more. Like this: “Im terribly sorry.”Apology also depends on how serious the matter is for which you have to apologize. For example, if you break a cup, you can say “Oh, dear, Im sorry, it was an accident”. But if you break a crystal glass, you have to say a lot moreand you would probably offer to pay for it.When we apologize in formal situations, we tend to use longer phrases than in everyday situations. We also frequently use constructions containing the word “apologize” instead of those containing “sorry”. After someone apologizes to us, how do we respond? Naturally, it depends on the nature of what he or she apologizes for and the mood we are in when we receive the apology. The most common expression we use when apologized to is “Thats all right” or “Never mind”. 英语口语（1）第7-9单元自学指导第7-9单元涉及的语言功能包括祝贺、赞扬，喜恶、偏好，忧虑、关切、同情，所涉及的话题中西方节日习俗、饮食习惯、生活方式的对照。一、文化背景知识1赞扬中国人在受到别人的赞扬时，都比较谦虚，常常表现出自我否定，而在多数情况下，西方人很容易接受别人的赞扬。有时，在回答对方的赞扬时，还会赞扬对方一番。2表示关心西方人看到别人像是生病了的样子，一般试探性地询问，表示关心，(You look a bit pale/rather tired. Are you OK? / You sound as if youve caught ca cold.) 而不直接说：Youre sick, right? Are you sick? 二、请参照下面的表格总结你的学习进展情况。FunctionsUseful expressionsTopicsGiving CongratulationsGiving / Responding to complimentsGiving holiday greetingsCongratulations on your accomplishment / achievement / promotionYour is very good /beautiful / interesting.Thank you. Happy New Year / Birthday / Thanksgiving.Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!Happy birthday to you. How are Christmas celebrated? How are the Spring Festival celebrated? Do Christmas celebrations differ from the Spring Festival celebrations in China? Expressing likes Expressing dislikes Inquiring about likes and preferenceI prefer sth to sth. Im more interested in sth. I like / love to do sth.Im fond of sthIm not keen on sth. I cant stand sth.I dont like sth.I dont care for sth.Im not interested in sthWould you like to do sth?Would you prefer sth?Do you want to do sth.Would you care for sth? Name some Western eating habits that differ from Chinese eating habits. Name some Western table manners that differ from Chinese table manners. What do you enjoy doing in your spare time? Expressing worry / concern / sympathy Inquiring about ones problemIm really concerned.I feel very worried.I feel sorry for sth.Im sorry to hear thatIm afraid thatWhats wrong?Whats the matter?Is there anything wrong?Is anything the matter?Is there anything I can do for you? How do “good ”health habits differ in America and China? How do “bad” health habits differ in America and China? List what habits you think make up the perfectly healthy person? Do you exercise regularly? 三、以口头或笔头方式复习在下列情景中应如何提问应答： Your friend calls you and tells you that hes just got a good job. What do you say to him or her? You have a report due the next morning, so you have to work late at night. Your roommate usually goes to bed early. What do you say to him / her? Suppose your friend is going to take a trip to a famous summer resort. What would you say to him / her when he / she leaves? You and your friend would like to eat in a restaurant. You discuss with your friend where to eat, what to eat, etc. Your roommate is working very hard on his / her term paper. He / She has had only a few hours of sleep the past few nights. You are very concerned that he /she will get sick if he/ she does not rest. What would you say to him/ her？四、背景知识阅读Passage 1 The Spring FestivalThe most important festival in China is the Spring Festival. It is a festival to bid farewell to the old year and welcome in the New Year. For many of us, preparations for the New Year begin long before it arrives: houses must be cleaned, and rooms decorated before New Years Day. Special scrolls called spring couplets are hung in pairs on walls and doors. Most people shop for new clothes and shoes for the New Year. But the biggest hassle is shopping for holiday food, because it is not just for the New Years Eve feast, but also for the first three days of the New Year when most markets and stores are closed.New Years Eve is the most important time for the family. Every member is present at the New Years Eve feast. Traditional holiday food is served, such as whole chicken symbolizing family reunion and whole fish representing surplus in family income. Usually children get lucky money from their parents and grandparents, which is believed to bring luck to the children.On New Years Day, visiting begins. It is traditional for married couples to visit their parents first, and perhaps have lunch or dinner with them. Many people also visit their close friends or relatives in the afternoon. Throughout the holidays, friends and relatives keep coming and going, catching up on what they hadnt been able to share in the past year. In this sense the Chinese New Year is a festival for family reunion and gathering of friends.But the New Year Festival mainly marks the end of the past year and the beginning of a new one. Firecrackers, for example, are an important part of the New Year celebrations. They explode on New Years Eve to scare away the evil spirits and sweep out what is old. It is believed that dragon and lion dances are also performed to ward off evil spirits and bring in wisdom, power and wealth in the year to come.Passage 2 Christmas in AmericaOn December 25exactly one week before New Years Day, Christmas i