介词和介词词组.doc

复杂介词 复杂介词（COMPLEX PREPOSITION）,又叫多词介词,指由两个或两个以上单词构成的起介词作用的结构。这类结构可以包含两个、三个甚至四个单词，分别简称为双词介词（TWO-WORD PREPOSITION）、三词介词（THREE-WORD PREPOSITION）和四词介词（FOUR-WORD PREPOSITION）. 1、 双词介词 双词介词指由两个单词构的复杂介词-according to except for ahead of instead of apropos of irrespective of as to next to because of owing to but for previous(ly) to care of regardless of close to save for devoid of thanks to due to what with 例如： Apropos of (关于) higher tuition, Mr Black told the boy about the educational loans(教育贷款)that banks are offering. She never would have been able to make a success of the dining-room but for (要不是)the kindness and assistance of the men. Youd better try writing to Jane care of the BBC (由BBC 转交). Theyll probably send the letter on to her. The big auditorium was oddly silent except for(除了)a few scattered giggles. It is a good book save for the last chapter. What with drink and what with fright(一方面由于醉酒，一方面由于害怕)，he did not know much about the facts. 2、 三词介词 三词介词指由三个单词构成的复杂介词-at variance with in line with by arrangement with in place of by force of in point of by means of in return for by reason of in search of by way of in spite of for fear of in terms of for lack of in store for in addition to in view of in/on behalf of on account of in case of on/ under pain of in comparison with on top of in connection with under cover of in contrast to/with under/on(the)pretence of in consequence of with/without reference to in danger of with/without regard to in defiance of with respect to in doubt of without prejudice to 例如： Harry achieved his aim by force of (由于)sheer determination. In consequence of(由于)the shipwreck many families were in mourning. In point of composition(就文章而言)，her letter does not seem defective. In defiance of( 违抗)the order to finish the work. Joe went away leaving half of it undone. In terms of sentence-structure (在句子结构方面)，legal sentences are, almost without exception, complex. They were made to promise under/on pain of death(违者处死)never to enter the country again. It must be understood that this concession is made without prejudice to(不应有损于)any future decisions of the committee. If he thought a thing was right, he should do it without regard to (不顾)consequences. 3、 四词介词 四词介词指由四个单词构成的复杂介词-at the expense of on a level with at the mercy of on the basis of at the rate of on the eve of at the root of on the ground(s)of at the top/bottom of on the part of for the benefit of on the point of for the purpose of on the score of for the sake of on the side of in the absence of on the strength of in the care of on the watch for in the event of on the verge of in the habit of to the exclusion of in the interest(s)of to the prejudice of in the pay of under the auspices of in the teeth of under the guise of in the wake of with a view to in the way of with an eye to in the process of with the aim of on the brink of with the exception of 例如： The shipwrecked sailors were at the mercy of the wind and waves(任凭风浪摆布)。 The boy was left in the care of (由照料)his uncle. 介词与形容词、动词、名词的搭配关系 介词与形容词、动词、名词之间有着广泛的搭配关系。要掌握介词的用法首先注意这些搭配关系。1、 介词与形容词的搭配有些形容词要求与一定的介词搭配。例如： Is that country rich in minerals? He is intent on (一心想)winning. Im indifferent to heat and cold. 但不少形容词之后可跟不同的介词，表示不同的意义，例如： Rose is alive to the feeling of shame.(敏感) The cat is alive with lice.(充满) The man is blind in one eye.(瞎) Jack was blind to his own fault.(不觉察) 也有不少形容词之后可跟不同的介词，而形容词的意义不变，只是其后介词词组的搭配不同。例如： Joe was very disappointed at not finding her at home. (其后的介词补足成分通常指事) His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam. (其后的介词补足成分通常指人) 2、 介词与动词的搭配介词与动词不达意的搭配通常有四种情况： 1) 动词+介词。例如： I shall prevail on (说服)him to make the attempt. You can appeal to a higher court and apply for a fresh trial. We concentrated on doing one job at a time. He fell into(养成)the habit of not attending to other peoples advice. Your correspondents have only touched upon(涉及)the fringe of the matter . 2) 动词+宾语+介词。例如： They excluded him form the club. They took me into their confidence.(他们信任我。） Bad weather robs a holiday of half its pleasure. He released her from her promise. These men took me for(误认为)a swindler. 上述搭配中的宾语可按语义意图加以改变。但在多词动词结构中的名词不能随意改变。例如： The old widow always takes pity on (怜悯)some stray cat or dog. The report lays great emphasis on the development of nursery schools in the area. You should take advantage of (利用)this opportunity, for it may not occur again. 3) 动词+副词小品词+介词。例如： I dont wish to break in on (打断)your thoughts. The family came up against (碰到)fresh problems. Youre not telling me the whole story. Youre holding out on (对保密)me. She got off with(结识)him soon after she began to work at the instiution. We shouldnt put the shortage down to (把归在于)bad planning.&nbs 介词词组与某些限定分句的转换关系 1、 介词词组在句中主要是作状语和名词修饰语，它与某些作类似用法的限定从属分句有一定的转换关系，分述如下： Did anyone inform you of the change of the plans? Did anyone inform you that the plans had been changed? Are you sure about Simons disappearance? The young man convinced everyone of his innocence. The young man convinced everyone that he was innocent. 2、 介词词组在意义上相当于状语分句 Because of his mistake several people died. Because he made a mistake, several people died. Despite the citys many attractions, Johnny still preferred his cottage in the country. Although the city has many attractions, Johnny still preferred his cottage in the country. Within my knowledge, nothing like this has ever happened before. So for as I know, nothing like this has ever happened before. Without his sisters money, Harry would never be a doctor. If it weret for his sisters money, Harry would never be a doctor. 3、 介词词组在意义上相当于关系分句 The man with a red beard is talking to Henrys father. The man who has a red beard is talking to Henrys father. to/ at/ in/ into 1、 可以说go/ come/ travel to一个地点或场合。例如： go to America go to bed take (somebody) to hospital return to Italy go to the bank come to my housedrive to the airport go to a concert be sent to prison When are your friends returning to Italy? (不说 returning in Italy) After the accident three people were taken to hospital. 同样可以说: on my way to/ a journey to/ a trip to/ welcome to： Welcome to our country! (不说 welcome in) 比较to (表示移动)与in/at （表示位置）： They are going to France. 但要说 They live in France. Can you come to the party? 但要说 Ill see you at the party.2、 Been to 通常说 Ive been to a place： Ive been to Italy four times but Ive never been to Rome. Ann has never been to a football match in her life. Jack has got some money. He has just been to the bank.3、 Get 与arrive 可以说 get to place： What time did they get to London/ get to work/ get to party? 但是要说 arrive in 或 arrive at (不说 arrive to) 可以说 arrive in 国家或城、镇：When did they arrive in Britain / arrive in London? 其它地点（建筑物等）或场合用 arrive at表示：What time did they arrive at the hotel/ arrive at the party/ arrive at work?4、 Home 不能说 to home, 而要说 go home/ come home/ get home/ arrive home/ on the way home (不使用介词) Im tired. Lets go home. (不说 go to home) I met Caroline on my way home. 但可以说 be at home, stay at home, do something at home等。5、 Into Go into, get into at/ on/ in (时间) At/ on/ in (时间)1、 试比较at, on与in： 可以用： at 用来表达一天之内的某个时间：at 5 oclock at 11:45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset等 on 用来表达星期几和几月几日：on Friday/ on Fridays on 12 March 1991 on Christmas Day on my birthday in 用来表达较长的时间(例如，月、季、年)：in October in 1968 in the 18th century in the past in (the) winter in the 1970s in the Middle Ages in (the) future2、 at用于下列短语：at night I dont like going out at night.at the weekend/ at weekends Will you be hereat the weekend? at Christmas / at Easter)Do you give each other presents at Christmas? (但 on Christmas Day)at the moment/ at present Mr Benn is busy at the moment/ at present. at the same time Liz and I arrived at the same time. 注意疑问句通常用 What time? (通常不用 At what time?)： What time are you going out this evening?3、 可以说： in the morning(s) in the afternoon(s) in the evening(s) Ill see you in the morning. Do you work in the evenings? 但要说 on Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Monday evening(s) Ill be home on Friday morning.Do you usually go out on Saturday evening?4、 Last/ next/ this/ every前不用at/ on/ in：Ill see you next Friday. (不说 on next Friday) They got married last March.5、 In a few minutes/ in six months 等 = 将来某时 in/ at/ on(地点） In/at on (地点)（1）1、 In 先请看下列例句： in a room in a garden in a building in a town/cityin a box in a country Theres no one in the room/ in the building/ in the garden. What have you got in your hand/ in your mouth? When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice. (不说 at Venice) I have a friend who lives in a small village in the mountains. Look at those people swimming in the pool/ in the sea/ in the river.2、At请看下列例句： at the top (of the page) at the bus stop at the door at the end of the street at the window at the bottom (of the page) Who is that man standing at the bus stop/ at the door/ at the window? Turn left at the traffic lights/ at the church/ at the roundabout. Write your name at the top/ at the bottom of the page. Angelas house is the white one at the end of the street. When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.3、 On 请看下列例句： I sat on the floor/ on the ground/ on the grass/ on a chair/ on the beach. Theres dirty mark on the wall/ on the ceiling/ on your nose/ on your shirt. Have you seen the notice on the notice board/ on the door? on/ in/ at (其它用法) 1、 On holiday 等 （be/go）on holiday/ on business/ on a trip/ on a tour/ on a cruise: Toms away at the moment. Hes on holiday in France. (不说 in holiday) Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday? One day Id like to go on a world tour. 注意还可以说： go to a place for a holiday/ for my holiday(s): Tom has gone to France for a holiday. (不说 for holiday) Where are you going for your holidays next summer?2、 On 的其它用法： on television/ on the radio: I didnt watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio. on the phone/ telephone:You cant phone me. Im not on the phone. (=我还没接到电话) Ive never met her but Ive spoken to her on the phone. (be/go) on strike/ on a diet: There are no trains today. The railway workers are on strike. Ive put on a lot of weight. Ill have to go on a diet. (be) on fire: Look! That car is on fire! on the whole (=总之，大体上)： Sometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job. on purpose (= 有目的有，有意的)： Im sorry. I didnt mean to annoy you. I didnt do it on purpose. by 1、 By 的几种用法： send something by post do something by hand pay by cheque/ by credit card (但要说 pay in cash) 或者说某事的发生是by mistake/ by accident/ by chance (但要说 do something on purpose)： Did you pay by cheque or in cash? We hadnt arranged to meet. We met by chance. 在这些用法中，by 之后使用不冠词 a或 the 的名词，如by chance/ by cheque等。 （o不说 by a chance/ by a cheque）。 2、 By 同样可以表示旅行方式： by car/ by train/ by plane/ by boat/ by ship/ by bus/ by bicycle 等 及 by road/ by rail/ by air/ by sea/ by undergroundLiz usually goes to work by bus. Do you prefer to travel by air or by train? 但要说 on foot：Did you come here by car or on foot?3、 By 的后面要使用不带冠词 a 或 the 或物主代词的名词，因此在my car/ the train/ a taxi等之前不能使用by： by car 但要说in my car (不说 by my car) by train 但要说 on the train (不说 by the train) 轿车（car）和出租车（taxi）前使用in：They didnt come in their car. They came in a taxi. 自行车(bicycle) 和公共交通设施（公共汽车、火车等）前使用on：We traveled on the 6：45 train. Have you ever been bitten by a dog? The programme was watched by millions of people. 试比较by 与with：The door must have been opened by somebody with a key. 可以说 a play by Shakespeare, a painting by Rembrandt, a novel by Tolstoy等。Have you read any books by Agatha Christie?4、 By还有“在近旁/在旁边”的意思：Come and sit by me. (= 在我身旁)on time/ in time at the end/ in the end 1、On time与in