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第二讲练习参考译文:迈克尔乔丹,一位被评论家们誉为有着贵族气质和超凡才华的篮球运动员,已经从篮坛退役,而正是篮球这项运动,使其成为世界上最著名、报酬最丰厚的运动员之一。在大多数人看来,上周宣布退役为时过早,因为乔丹只有30岁,正处在他运动生涯的巅峰,而且也是他挣钱最多的时候。不过,按他自己的说法,做出这一决定既不是处于冲动,也不是出于鲁莽。“对我而言,”他一反常态、吞吞吐吐地说,“这是退出篮坛的最好时机。” 在随芝加哥公牛队三次夺冠,并随美国队在1992年奥运会上再夺金牌之后,乔丹觉得他作为运动员的动力正在悄然消逝。“我已到达了事业的顶峰,”他在一个拥挤不堪的记者招待会上告诉大家,“我真是觉得没有什么别的东西需要去证明了。”但是,这种解释对于那些持怀疑态度的人来说显得过于简单了。 这些人最近发现,乔丹的个人生活并非风平浪静。首先是有人声称乔丹赌博,而在美国这个国家赌博通常是非法的,还有传言说乔丹赌博已到了无法收拾的地步。然后是他父亲于7月23日被人枪杀身亡。笔译A 第三讲 翻译的语言对比规律 翻译是一种艺术,但是一种“建立于科学基础上的艺术”。 翻译的许多问题,诸如翻译活动的正当性、可行性等基本问题,都可以从语言科学的研究中得到启示。 (许钧,袁筱一. 当代法国翻译理论, 1998:24)一、中西思维的差异导致语言差异 Language serves as dress of thought Thoughts are always expressed by words Without thinking,language would be meaningless. 思维-表现法-语言具体形式 中国:靠天吃饭 天人合一中国人的思维模式及其对语言的影响 崇尚自然、行于自然;不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论,即Let things remain as they are. 汉民族的循回式思维方式: 道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物,万物归于道。 语言表现法中回环式:“人不犯我,我不犯人”,及递进式表达:“道高一尺,魔高一丈”。 表达事物:总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述,即:具体一般型 (Particular-General Pattern)表达。 问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern) 擅长具象思维 (concrete thinking)西方人的思维模式及其对语言的影响 认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物,讲究“人物分立”,人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。 I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do,but,I do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing. 美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽), 美国人的梦想being a self-made man from rags to riches。 英语被誉为理性语言,这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合,特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。 培根思维精深周密;洛克的哲理明豁通达,对英语影响极深。 “哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说,培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范,以至被称为:“Kings English。 西方人的思维模式:一般具体型(General-Particular Pattern)表达。 擅长抽象思维(abstract thinking)。 总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节,由果到因、由小到大等。如:地名的叙述。 “中国人的思想方式和西方人的距离多么远。他们喜欢抽象,长于分析;我们喜欢具体,长于综合。”(傅雷,翻译体会点滴,1957) “东方人与西方人之思想方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘惟恐不尽,描写惟恐不周。”(傅雷致罗新璋信,陈福康,中国译学理论史稿,1992:393) 例句: 我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游,后来不得不取消,这使我很扫兴。 译文: 在全球经济事务中,中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量,我坚信这是符合我国利益的。 译文: 由此可见:汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证,而英语则相反。二、英汉语言的对比 1、 语义对比 (1)英汉词语意义完全对应(word for word correspondence) 指英语的词语所表示的意义在汉语里可以找到完全对应的词语来表达,两者的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等。这种情况多见于专有名词,技术词汇和一些通用的名词等,如: Aluminum=铝 Physics=物理 New York=纽约 Marxism = 马克思主义 Capitalism资本主义 Modernism 现代化,现代主义,现代思想 Aspirin 阿斯匹林 laser激光 Pneumonia=肺炎 leukemia白血病 3. 英汉词语部分对应 (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning ) 指译语词与源语词在意义上部分对应,这是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。 1)多种同义。 这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍,也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样,但色彩意义不同的对应词,如: 2)一词多义。 这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍,也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词,如: wife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、家里、. president: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长. cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹. carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧. 部分对应造成翻译时的选择: Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 mid-morning 等最好用时间表示 Mid morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点 In the middle of next week: 下周三前后 Cat 本义猫 引伸义_ She is a cat. Parent 父亲或母亲/养父或养母 I have no experience as a parent. 3)交织对应。 这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生,也即是一组词义相近的词,根据不同的上下文,可以译作对应词语中的任何一个,如: 英语中的say, speak, talk, tell与汉语的说、讲、谈、诉之间的关系 4. 英汉词语不对应 (words without correspondence ): 指英语中一些带有浓厚的社会文化、风土习俗色彩的词语,在汉语里找不到现成的对应词。翻译中的这种情况极少,偶有发生,一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。 Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年(解释) Commuter 家住郊区、乘公交车到市内上班的人 (上班族) Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人(解释) Prey: 被捕食的动物(解释) Porridge:牛奶燕麦粥(Combination of milk and oatmeal)、麦片粥 Individualism 个人主义(个体主义) Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族 hacker黑客 2、句法对比 拉丁语,古英语,俄语,德语综合型语言(synthetic language)词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表现的。 汉语分析型语言(analytic language)词与词的关系并不是通过词形变化,而是通过词序或虚词(助词)等手段来表示的。 现代英语综合分析型语言保留着综合型语言的某些特征,逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡。 现代英语的形态变化主要指一些表示语法意义的屈折变化(inflection),包括性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等。英语的名词可以变数、变格,动词可以变时态、语态等。 汉语没有这样的形态变化。汉语所使用的量词、语气助词等,英语里没有。 3、句法对比 形合与意合形合(Hypotaxis)syntactical subordination of clause etc. by the use of connectives.指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如连词或关联词)连接起来,表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。意合 (Parataxis) coordination of clauses, etc. in succession without connectives.指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的意义来表达。 英语重形合,汉语重意合。 “就汉语和英语而言,也许语言学上最重要的一个区别,就是形合和意合的对比”(Nida,Translating Meaning 译意) 英语:句子通常以主谓结构为主干,以谓语动词为中心,借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的连接手段,把句子的其他各个语法成分层层搭架,呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式”(树形)结构。 汉语:一般通过多个动词的连用或流水句形式,按照时间的先后顺序和事理推移的方式,把一件件事交代清楚,呈现出一线形的“排调式”结构。 英语用“明示”手段,注重形式上的粘着,即:英语句子多使用功能词。 汉语用“隐含”手段,句子成分之间的关系比较松散,不够清晰,即:汉语分句之间是靠意思连接起来的。 例如: The insect nibbles the green leaves.The toad eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.(形合)蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃绿叶。(意合) 天净沙秋思马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦小桥流水人家古道西风瘦马夕阳西下断肠人在天涯 (意合) 例句: The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 译文: Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 译文: It was an old woman ,tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 译文: It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature. 译文: The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous. 译文: Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people. 译文: If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always. 译文: 我们过了江,进了车站,我买票,他忙着照看行李。(朱自清,背影) 张培基译文: 杨宪益译文: 我常见许多青年的朋友,聪明用功,成绩优异,而语文程度不足以达意,甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋学问与趣味) 张培基译文:I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. 译文表达尽量简洁(Brevity) Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 直译:任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处于罚款5英镑。 意译: Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft. 直译:把贵重物品放在显眼处,等于是给小偷发请帖。 意译: 三、总结、归纳、例证: 英汉语言的共同点 We received,on Nov.11,2005, with thanks your Check No. 006869 for RMB 36,000, in payment of our commissions. The amount has been placed to your credit. 译文: Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具,而只是将它视为经济因素,风险,潜力的衍生物 英汉语言的不同点 英语的词汇有词形变化,汉语基本没有词形变化。 We have cooperated, and will cooperate with you in every aspect on the basis of mutual benefit and equality. 译文: 英语句子被动语态用得多,而汉语被动语态用得少。 1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。 (1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. (2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如: 例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. 例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. (3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如: 例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. (4) 翻译成汉语的无主句 无主语句可视为汉语的优势之一,在汉语中大量使用,即常指自然现象(如:下雨了),又具有泛指性(如:据说陕西又发现华南虎了)。用它译被动句,语流显得畅洁而又自由。试比较: Great efforts should be made to inform young people of the harm of smoking, especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 英语句子先总结后说事, 而汉语则先说事后总结。 It is a good thing that they have reached an agreement on the style of the dresses ordered. 译文: Why is it that most of us dont put work and human satisfaction together, except when it comes to the end product of work: automobiles and houses and good food? 译文: It was a real challenge that those who learned from us now excelled us. 英语句子有主语, 而汉语主语可以省略。 We hope this will go smoothly and you are able to conclude the contract soon. 译文: I am 78 years old; I have been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months. We live and learn. 译文: You can never tell. 译文: Everywhere you can find new types of men and object in civilized Qingdao. He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man. 译文: 英语句子中出现的虚词,汉语句子中可以省略。 We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. 译文: We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. I knew the train was coming as I had seen the passengers swarm into the platform. Because the price of gasoline was fantastically high, we seldom used our car. She declined his proposal since she did not love him at all. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 译文: Because the bodys defense system is damaged,the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases. On the thirtieth of December, 2005, I became a civilian again. Smoking is prohibited in public places. 译文: Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. Rumors has already spread along the street and lanes. 英语的单位名称不够明确, 而汉语单位名称十分明确。 公司名称 Penguin Books 企鹅图书出版公司(英国) Longman Group Limited 朗文图书出版公司 英语用长句, 而汉语用短句。 It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years. Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove. The United States pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to purchase wool from Australia, which can likewise buy textiles from Great Britain, which can import tobacco from The United States in the same way. 译文: 英汉语句子都有, 但文化内涵不同的词。 It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 译文: To reduce loss and increase overall profits, the CEO told his product managers to get rid of all the dogs. 译文: His newly employed servant was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant. Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead. 翻译练习一、短语、词组英汉互译1. 企业管理 2. 国际商法 3. 财务管理 4. 管理经济学与决策模式 5. 人力资源管理 6. most-favored-nation treatment 7. risk management 8. common agriculture policy 9. market access 10. intellectual property rights 二、将下列句子译成汉语1Rapid compression of a gas involves a rise in temperature. 2It was beyond her power to decide such a thing. 3Silence reined all over for a while. 4His crime cant long escape notice. 5Characteristically, he concealed his feelings a

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