初中英语语法--yjwnnn1.doc

教学资料教育精品资料 目录第一章 名 词 3第二章 冠 词 9第三章 代 词 13第四张 形容词副词 19第五章 介 词 29第六章 动 词 43第七章 情态 动词 53第八章 非谓语动词 58第九章 定语 从句 74第十章 名词性从句 79第十一章 状语 从句 81第十二章 倒 装 句 85第十三章 虚拟 语气 89第十四章 并 列 句 90第十五章 重要 句型 93第十六章 动词 搭配 94全习题答案及部分解释 106初中英语语法状元笔记语法网络图第一章 名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词ChinabookfamilyhappinessairII. 可数名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-sBook-books, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esWife-wives, knife knives, wolf wolves, thief thieves, shelf shelves, self-selves, life- lives, half halves, leaf leaves 顺口溜：妻子持刀去砍狼，小偷看得心发慌，书架后面保自命，半片树叶遮目观加-sgulf-gulfs(海湾)，roof-roofs（屋顶） , chief-chiefs（首领）, serf-serfs（奴隶，奴仆）, belief beliefs（信仰）, proof-proofs（证据） , handkerchief- handkerchiefs（手帕）顺口溜：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes（巧计：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿）不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants注意： 1，除了顺口溜中的七个要变(f)e为-ve加s外，以-self结尾的也要变f为ve加s，如，ourselves 2，表示“某国人”的复数形式用一下顺口溜：中日不变，英法“e”把“a”来换，其他“s”加后面（适用于初中阶段主要的几个国籍名词变复数） 3，不可数名词没有复数形式 4，对于合成名词变复数在初中阶段有一下规律：有人的在人后面变复数；都是物的在最后一个物后面变复数；如果前面是woman 或者 man 作修饰名词时，这个名词的前后两个名词均要变复数，如: two women doctors III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所属关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems（表示日本和美国各自的问题，不是同一个问题）, Janes and Marys bikes（表示Jane和Mary各自的车，不是同一辆车）表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems,(表示美日共有的问题，是同一个问题) Jane and Marys father（表示Jane和Mary共同的父亲，Jane和Mary是两姐妹）表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed IV, 名词作主语时的主谓一致(1).如主语是单数,后跟with, together with, as well as, like, but, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式. Tom with his father often goes to the cinema. Tom经常和他爸爸去电影院 The women with two children is Crist. Crist是一个有两个孩子的女人(2).复数形式单数内容的名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式. The news is surprising. (news在这里指的是新闻，不算new的复数)(3). 单数形式复数内容的名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式. The police have caught the thief. The people there are very kind. (4).一些集体名词如family, class, team等作主语时,若强调整体, 谓语动词用单数形式, 若强调个体, 谓语动词用复数形式. His family is not a large one.他家不是个大家庭。Her family are watching TV.他全家人在看电视。 The team is playing very well.这个队打得很出色。 The team are all famous players in our country.全体队员都是我国有名的运动员。(5).表示时间,金钱,距离的名词加s后,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式. Two hours is enough for us to get there One hundred dollars is enough. Five kilometers is a long way for the childern. (6).复数名词shoes,trousers,glasses等由pair修饰时, 谓语动词的单复数形式要由pair决定. The pair of shoes looks nice. That two pairs of trousers are both too long. (7)由and连接两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,如表示整体概念, 谓语动词用单数形式. 若表示个体概念, 谓语动词用复数形式. My old friend and classmate has just come back from abroad.我的老校友刚从国外回来.（表示此人既是我的老朋友又是我的同学，指的是一个人）My old friend and classmate have just come back from abroad.我的老朋友和同学刚从国外回来（表示的是两个人，一个是我的老朋友，一个是我的同学，所以谓语动词用have）The singer and dancer is to attend our English evening.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家将参加我们的英语晚会. (8)“The number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 “A number of +复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。 注：the number of 表示的是“.的数量” a number of 表示的是“很多” The number of classes in our school is 21 我校有21个班 A number of boys love PE 许多男孩子喜欢体育(9)neithernor(既不是.也不是.) ;eitheror(不是.就是.，要么.要么.) ; not onlybut also( 不仅而是.)等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要遵循就近原则。 Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错(10)of + 抽象名词 =形容词be of importance= be importantV,易错题解析1. 这些女老师们在干什么?误 What are the woman doctors doing?正 What are the women doctors doing?析 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词(单或复数形式)时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式;但当man, woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men, women.2. 房间里有多少人?误 How many peoples are there in the room?正 How many people are there in the room?析 people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。3. 我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。误 I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.正 I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.析 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词+表量的可数名词+ of + 不可数名词”这一结构，其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。名词部分测试题1,（福建.福州）The _ often eat grass on the hill. A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep2,(四川.广元2011)Our hospital needs two doctors, Mrs Li. You can ask your son to have a try. A, women B, man C. men 3,（四川.广元2007）At night, Koala bears get up and eat _A, leaf B, leafs C, leaves4, （四川.绵阳2009）Tomatoes, broccoli and _ are vegetables. A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles D. potatos 5,Lilys and Lucys bike _ there A, is B, be C, are D, am 6, My family _very poor. A, is B, am C, are7,They decided to go hiking with their _ A，wife B, wifes C, wives 8, Not only the students but also their teacher _ enjoying the film. A, am B, are C, is 9, He is only a _ boy ,too young to go to school A, two-yesrs-old B, two-year-old C, two-years-olds 10,A number of cats _ playing over there. A, is B, are C, be 第二章 冠词冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义，冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。a用于辅音及辅音音素开头的可数名词前（ a book），an用于元音及元音因素开头的可数名词起岸( an apple)。在初中阶段，大多数时候，能“定下来”的就要用定冠词，不能“定”下来的就用不定冠词。冠词使用口诀：名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a， an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。至于具体用法，请看下面讲解：I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前A: you are just a little girl.B: No, Im the little girl(同学们谁可以理解这两句话对话的含义？)3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.注意：1，有些元音开头的名词被以辅音开头的形容词修饰的时候前面还是用a，如：an apple, a delicious apple 2,初中阶段常考的还有useful和hour 。useful虽然是元音字母开头但是是辅音音素，因此在useful修饰的名词前面依旧用a，如：a useful book。3,Hour虽然为 辅音字母开头，但是由于h在hour这个单词中不发音，故hour是以元音因素开头的，所以应该是an hour而不是a hour.IV,易错题解析 1.Help yourself to _. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken 答案: C (选择A的同学要注意chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数) 2._ it is today! A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather 答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.) 3.Which is the way to the _? A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoes factory D. shoes factory 答案: A. (选择D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等.) 4.This class _ now. Miss Gao teaches them. A. are studying B, is studying C.be studying D. studying 答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等) 5.We will have a _ holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two months D. two-months 答案: B (选择C的同学要注意应用two months; 选择D的同学要注意名词之间有 “ “ 后的组合词当作形容词来用, 因此就不用所有格形式了.) 6._ trees are cut down in the forests every year. A. Thousand B.Thousands C.Thousand of D. Thousands of 答案: D. (选择C的同学注意词组记忆的准确性) 7 _ people here are very friendly to us. A. The B. / C. A D .An 答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意这里的people是特指这里的, 因此要用定冠词the) 冠词部分测试题填空1. There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall2. This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour3. _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse4. _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5. Lets go out for _ walk 6. Its too hotOpen _ door，please 7. There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother 8. _ sun rises in _ east 9. _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10. Are you going to do it _ second time？ 11. Washington is _ capital of _ USA12. _ Turners are living at the end of _ Turner Street 13. He joined the army in _ spring of _ 1995 14. _ old man is _ teacherHe likes playing _ basketball after _ supper15. After I had _ quick breakfast，I hurried to school 16. Are _ sheep kept by _ farmers for producing _ wool and _ meat？ 17. They went to _ Peoples Park，but we both went to _ Peoples Cinema yesterday 18. I often watch _ TV in _ evening 19. _ day of _ December 20. 1999 is Monday 20Tomorrow is _ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _ Christmas tree today 21. I think _ maths is more important than any other subject 22. He often goes to _ school by _ bike 23. What does this _ word mean， _ Father？ 24What _ important news单选1Does Jim have _ ruler？ Yes，he has _ Aan；some Ba；one Ca； Dany；one 2There is _ old bike _ old bike is Mr Zhaos Aan ；The Bthe；An Ca；The Dthe；The 3 _ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay AThe BA CAn DTwo 4How many books do you have？ -I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa；an Ba；one Cone；an Done；one 5At that time Tom was _ one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D 6 _ tiger is _ China AThe；a BA；the CThe；from DThe；the 7We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe；the Bthe； Ca； D； 8 _ useful book it is！ AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat 9One afternoon he found _ handbagThere was _ “s”on the corner of _ handbag Aa；an；the Ba；a；the Can；an；an Dthe；a；a 10,_ old lady with white hair spoke _ English well at _ meeting AAn；an；a BThe；an CThe；a DThe；the 11 _ Great Wall is _ longest wall in the world AA；a BThe；the CA；the DThe；a 12 _ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River AThe；a BA； CA；the DAn；the 13 _ woman over there is _ popular teacher in our school AA；an BThe；a CThe；the DA；the 14He used to be _ teacher but later he turned _ writer Aa；a Ba；the C；a Da； 15They made him _ king Aa Bthe Can D 16His father is _ English teacherHe works in our school Aa Ban Cthe D 17Is he _ American boy ？ Aan Ba Cone D 18Does Tom often play _ football after _ school？ A； B；the Cthe； Da； 19They passed our school _ day before yesterday Aan Bone Ca Dthe 20Australia is _ English-speaking country Aa Ban Cthe D 21She has _ orange skirt _ skirt is nice Aa；The Ban；The Can；A Dthe；The 22This is _ appleIts _ big apple Aan；a Ba；the Ca；an Dan；the 23Look at _ horse over there Aa Ban Cthe D 24Dont play _ basketball hereIts dangerous Aa Ban C Dthe 25There is _ old woman in the car A Bthe Ca Dan 26Beijing is _ beautiful cityIts _ capital of China Aa；a Bthe；the C；the Da；the 27Shanghai is in _ east of China A Ban Ca Dthe 28Ive been a student there for nearly two and _ half years Aa Ban Cthe D 29Bill is _ English teacherHe likes playing _ football Aa；the Ban；the Ca； Dan； Aan30The museum is quite farIt will take you half _ hour to get there by _ bus A, an； Ban；a Ca； D；第三章 代词I.代词可以分为以下几大类：1，人称代词注意：人称代词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语。2，物主代词注意：1， 形容词性物主代词只能作定语，后面要接名词。而名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语，它后面再不接名词。它们的关系为：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。2， 主宾格口诀：人称代词分主宾，只有八对要分清，你它主宾是同形，其余几对要分清3， 人称代词排序口诀： 人称代词并列观，注意顺序礼貌现，单数人称二三一，复数人称一二三，麻烦事情我站前，其他人称没意见，两性并用为三单，男先女后是习惯 4，形容词物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的转换口诀：一变：my变mine，二留：his，its不变，三加尾：其余加-s3 .反身代词: myself, ourselves, yourself4 .指示代词: this, that, these, those5 .疑问代词: what, who, whose, whom, which, when, what6 .不定代词: something, anything, somebody, anybody 注意：复合不定代词的修饰语要后置(也就是我们所说的形容词修饰复合不定代词要放在复合不定代词后)，复合不定代词作主语时常视为单数第三人称。如：something new,一些新的东西。(复合不定代词是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something（某事物）, somebody（某人）, someone（某人）, anything（任何事物）, anybody（任何人）, anyone（任何人）, nothing（没事物）, nobody（没人）, no one（没人）, everything（一切事物）, everybody（每个人）, everyone(每个人)等十二个.)II. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上的整体中的个体，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上的整体中的每个，但实际倾向于整体。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have adictionary.（强调的是个体） Every student has strong and