不定式和动名词和分词.doc

不定式不定式 to do / doHe asked me to write it不定式的否定 not to do / not doHe asked me not to write itWH疑问词 how / what / when to do疑问词+toV = 名词短语 ，较长的名词。1、How to reduce the costs is a big problem ?2、The problem is where to set up the tent.=The problem is where we should set up the tent.3、I dont know whether to laugh or (whether to) get angry.一、 不定式的时态和语态不定式的被动式 = to be P.P.1.I like to teach. I like to be taught.2.There is a lot to do yet. There is a lot to be done yet.不定式的进行式=to be VingThey seem to be waiting for us.不定式的完成式=to have P.P1.The child seems to have been sick.= It seems that the child was(has been) sick.在cant ,couldnt 之后表否定推测；在must 之后表肯定推测1.They couldnt have been on strike.2.Her mom must have been seriously ill (then).在should，ought to之后，表示未能实现的事，有责备的意思在里面。1.You should have seen it.= You didnt see it.2.You ought to have kept your words.= You didnt keep your words.你应该要遵守诺言的。intend,wish ,would like (都是表“想要”)等动词后 = 未实现1.I intended to have written to you.2.I expected him to have helped me with the work.二、 不定式的用法(一) 作主语句型： Its + 形容词(表非人格特质) + for 人 + to V Its + 形容词(表人格特质) + of 人 + to V 1).Its dangerous for children to play on the street.=(For children) to play on the street is dangerous.2).Its stupid of me to do such a thing.=I was stupid to do such a thing.（二）作主语补语1).The expensive picture has been proved to be a fake2).A student is alleged to have introduced a virus into the computer(三)作表语( be + to do )1)、A doctors duty is to take care of sick people.2)、His fault is to talk too much.（四）作宾语1、V + to do1)、We decided to put off the meeting.2)、My son demands to see a dentist.2、V+ it + C + to do1). She found it impossible to understand him.=She found that it is impossible to understand him.2). I think it too careless of you to lose the watch.3). He makes it a rule to keep good hours.3、V + WH疑问词+ to do He asked how to get to the railway station ?（五）作宾语补语 ( V + O + to do )表希望；期待-like，want，wish，expect 等I didnt expect her to be absent(缺席).表许可-allow，permitPlease allow me to introduce my wife, Rosaline.表思考，认识-think，believe，consider，find，recognize 等We believe him to be honest.= We believe (that) he is honest.表依赖；建议；要求；命令 (必须用不定词的词)tell，advise，order，ask，request， get ,cause， beg 等。The doctor advised him to stop smoking.（六）作定语( N + to do )1).Amy was the only person to remember my birthday.2).We need an ideal environment in which to live and work (代)名词 + to do + 介词 ，to do前的(代)名词为介词的宾语1)、I have parents to take care of.=I have to take care of my parents.2)、I want a knife to cut it with.=I cut it with a knife.（七）作状语表目的，表“为了1)He went to Germany to /in order to /so as to study music.2)The windows was open a few inches to keep the air circulating.表原因，跟在表示感情的形容词之后1)I was shocked to see the scene.2)We could not but laugh to see it. 看到它我们不禁笑了表结果，有时会伴随only、never，有“失望”之意。1)We were separated never to see each other again.2)The police hurried to the house only to find (that) it was empty.修饰形容词（Adj + to do）此类的形容词有easy，hard，difficult .,luck ,happy.ect, The problem is easy to work out The question is difficult to answer.(八)省去动词原形的不定式1).You dont have to eat it if you dont want to (eat it).2).A: How about coming to our house ? B: Id like to (go/come to your house) if I wont be any trouble.（九）分裂不定式1).I wish to utterly forget my past.I wish to forget my past utterly.2).She made up her mind never to return.（十）独立不定式To speak strictly, he is a good student.to be frank (with you) 坦白说 to begin with (一开始)To tell the truth, I dont love you.to be honest (诚实说) to make matters worse (更糟的是)to be sure (的确) to be brief（简单扼要的说）to say nothing of=not to speak of =not to mention(更不用说)to do justice 对公平的评判 to say the least of it 保守的说strange to say 奇怪的是 needless to say 毋庸置疑的so to speak 可以说是 not to say不能说是He can speak French and German, to say nothing of English.It would be foolish, not to say crazy, to say such a thing.（十一）其他变体1、enough to do 足够可以、能 = so that + S + (can) 1).She was kind enough to offer me her seat.=She was so kind that she offered me her seat.2).He is not tall enough to reach the top shelf .2、too(形、副)to do(太而不能) = sothat+S+cant1).The bed is too small for me to sleep in.=The bed is so small that I cant sleep in.2).I am only /but too glad to help you.= I am very glad to help you.3).He is not/never too proud to ask questions of others.4).He is too wise not to see the reason.= He is so wise that he cannot but see the reason.3、so as to do = so that + S 1). He was so angry as to be unable speak.He was so angry that he was unable speak.2). I am not so foolish to trust him.I am not such a fool to trust him.4、seem (appear, happen, prove等)+ to do seem(appear) to do/形容词=It seems(appears) + that + S + V1)My dog seems to understand what I said / say. It seems that my dog understands what I said / say.2)The children appeared (to be) pleased with their presents. It appears that the children were pleased with their presents.人 + happen /chance + to do 碰巧事 + happen（发生）+ to + 人1) I happened/chanced to meet one of my friends at the station.2) What happened to you? Something happened to ve (turn out) to do结果是，证明是The rumor proved (turned out) to be true.=It turned out that the rumor was true.5、choose / want nothing but to do 除了其他什么都不想expect / desire nothing but to doShe desires nothing but to live peacefully.6、cannot but docannot help doingcannot help but do 不得不; 忍不住1)When I heard the news, I couldnt but cry.2)When I heard the news, I couldnt help crying.3)When I heard the news, I couldnt help but cry.7、have only to do 只要做就行You have only to follow his counsel.= All you have to do is (to) follow his counsels.8、used to do以前习惯；过去经常My father used to smoke, (but now he doesnt.)be used to doing习惯I am used to staying up late at night.9、come(get) to do变得 come / get + 地点，才翻译成去到某地。You will come(get) to like this town.三、 原型不定式（不带to的不定式）(一)had better，would rather，do nothing but后面不带tohad better，最好We had better leave it unsaid.would rather/ would（had）sooner + do + than + do I would rather go with you than stay here alone.do nothing but 什么都不做只He did nothing but eat all day long.（二）感官动词之后(眼，耳，鼻，舌，皮肤)feel，see，watch，look at，notice，observe，hear，listen to，1）.I felt my heart beat violently.2）.I saw the boy put a chocolate in his pocket.感官动词在被动语态中要用to 不定式The police officer watched the children cross the road.=The children were watched by the police officer to cross the road.=The children were watched to cross the road by the police officer.（三）使役动词make(强迫)，have(依赖，拜托)，let(让)，bid(命令)1）. The mom made the boy turn off the TV.2）. The teacher let the pupils go home.get + to doI got him to repair the radio.dare/need/help + to do / doCan you help me (to) put up the tent ?make 在被动语态中用to doThe teacher made the students try again.=The students were made by the teacher to try again.=The students were made to try again by the teacher.动名词一. 动名词的时态和语态一般式 doing 被动式 being+p.p I dont like/dislike being made fun of. 完成式 having+p.p (当代英语少用)She isnt aware of having done wrong否定形 not(never)+VingI am ashamed of not knowing the answer. 二. 动名词的用法（一）当主语1. 直接位于句首做主语Remembering othersnames is difficult for me. =It is difficult for me to remember others names. 2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 It is no use telling him not to worry.3. 用于“There be”结构中。There is no saying when hell come4.用于布告形式的省略结构中。No smoking =No smoking is allowed (here) . No parking. 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.（二）当表语1. One American tradition is eating turkey on Thanksgiving day Turkey2. Your task is cleaning the windows.3.His hobby is fishing in the lake.His hobby is to fish in the lake.x（三）当宾语1、当动词的宾语1）My father enjoys playing golf very much. 2）You have to give up traveling.3）I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在demand ,deserve,need,require,want等后面，表示被动的意思。 1)The matter demands looking into2)He deserves helping. 他值得别人帮忙3)This watch needs repairing. 这手表需要修理=This watch needs to be repaired.4)The child wants scolding. 这孩子需要被骂.5)This cloth does not stand/bear washing. 这块布禁不起洗.2、当介词的宾语1）The rain prevented us from completing the work.2）I know who is responsible for breaking the window.3）There are many ways of doing it.重点 to作介词+Ving1)I like to listen to music.2)Im looking forward to seeing you again. 3)Im used to getting up early. 4)He devoted his whole life to curing the sick in Africa. 5)He is given to lying.6)He prefers skiing to(prep.) skating. .He prefers to ski (toV) rather than skate.（四）当定语（往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。）a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping三、固定结构1.There is no Ving 是无法做到的There is no accounting for tastes. 人的好恶是无法解释的=It is impossible to account for tastes.2.It is no use/good Ving 是没有用的It is no use crying over spilled/spilt milk. 覆水难收It is no use/good trying to persuade him. 你想说服他是没有用的。=There is no use in trying to persuade him.=It is no use / useless for you to try to persuade.3.feel like Ving 想要 like(prep.)I feel like a drink=I feel like drinking/having a drink4.cannot help VingI couldnt help laughing when I saw his haircut. =I couldnt but laugh when I saw his haircut.5.be worth VingWhatever is worth doing is worth doing well.=No matter what is worth doing is worth doing wellThis book is worth reading这本书值得读。=It is worth (your) while reading/to read the book.6.On ving 一就On coming home, he switched on the TV. =As soon as he came home, he switched on the TV.7.In Ving 当时 =连接词when/whileI slipped in getting off the train. 当我下火车时，滑了一跤。=I slipped when/while I was getting off the train.8.It goes without saying that 不用说It goes without saying that our plans depend on the weather. =Needless to say, our plans depend on the weather.9.What do you say to Ving 如何?What do you say to taking a walk by the sea? How about taking a walk by the sea?What about taking a walk by the sea?比较动词后的动名词和不定式（一） 某些动词只能带动名词acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand1. Have you finished writing an answer to his letter?2. Fortunately, he escaped getting hurt. 幸运的，他没有受伤（二） 某些动词只能带不定式afford ，agree，aim(力求做到)，appear（显得），arrange，ask，attempt ，care（想要），choose，claim，condescend（屈尊），consent（准许），decide，demand，determine，endeavor（竭力），expect，fail（未履行），help，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，proceed（接着做），promise，prove，refuse，resolve，seem，swear（发誓），tend（往往会），threaten（预示），undertake，volunteer，vow，want，wish1.The police consented to detect the crime without delay.2.He professed to know a lot about China. （三） 某些动词后既带动名词也可带不定式，但意思不同A to do = doing，其意思一样。start/begin,cease like dislike fear hate intend attempt love neglect omit prefer propose continue 1.They ceased singing/to sing. 2.I intend majoring/to major in economics in college. B to do不同于doing，意思不同。Try， remember，forget，stop，regret1.The boy tired to move the heavy sofa. 设法去做(不定做没做)The boy tried moving the heavy sofa. 尝试(已经在做了)2.Remember to lock the door. 要去做的I remember locking the door last night 我记得昨晚有锁上门3.Ill never forget hearing her song. 我将不会忘记听过她的歌。I forget to hear her song. 我忘了听她的歌，动作未作。4.He stopped having breakfast. 他停止吃早餐。He stopped to have a cup of coffee. 他停下来去喝杯咖啡。5.I regret not taking care of myself. 后悔(做了某事) I regret to say that I cant help you. 抱歉遗憾(没有做某事)（四） go on ,quit,stop带动名词作宾语，带不定式作状语1.He went on working in spite of the noise around him2.He went on to show us around the botanic garden（五） advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit,带动名词作宾语，带不定式作宾语补语.1.They shouldnt allow parking in this street2.Lily only allows her son to play computer games over the weekends（六） consider,understand带动名词作宾语，也带WH-疑问词+不定式作宾语1.I cant understand your reading the boring novel2.The young mother doesnt understand how to bathe the baby 分 词现在分词Ving-进行；主动 过去分词P.P -完成；被动一、 分词构句（分词短语作状语）（一） 分词短语作独立成分，修饰整个句子，表示说话人的态度1.Frankly speaking/to be frank, I find the job boring.2.Talking of the radio, what/which program do you like?（二） 分词短语作状语，主语一致1.When I opened the door, I heard a strange sound.Opening the door, I heard a strange sound.2.As I was ill, I couldnt go to school.Being ill, I couldnt go to school.3.Since she has been brought up in Paris, she speaks French very. (Having been) Brought up in Paris, she speaks French very.4.If you turn left after the bank, you will see our house on you right.If turning left af