初中英语语法总概和难点讲解.doc

一八种时态讲解1、一般现在时1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。She doesnt often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了描述现阶段的动作或状态，其重点不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。She majors in music .她主修音乐。All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义，客观的情况是没有时间概念的；也不会在意动作进行的状态。例如：The sun rises in the east .日出东方。The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。2、一般过去时主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed（除不规则动词外）。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , )等等。使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。过去的时间概念有两层意思：一是指现在某个时间以前的时间；二是指说话、写文章的那个时间点以前的时间，在这个意义上，现在的那个时间点是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。-Wheres Jim? 吉姆在哪里？-He just went out.他刚刚出去。3、一般将来时主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的将来时间是指说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间。它的表示方法主要有如下几种：1）shall / will + 动词原形这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是纯粹的将来动作。例如：I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式这种表示方法主要是说明A）说话人的意图、打算；B）某种可能性 。例如：A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集资料吗？If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰，你会喜欢上那个地方的。3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述两钟情况：按计划安排要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。The factory is to go into production before National Day. 这家工厂国庆节前投产。B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。4) 用一般现在时或现在进行时（限于某些动词）表示按计划安排要发生的事。这种表示方法实际上已经在上面一般现在时之4）中谈过。主要强调按计划安排要发生的事。例如：Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下车吗？The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飞机上午十一点起飞。Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周动身去纽约。4、过去将来时表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个将来时间绝不会延伸到现在；而仅限于过去时间区域内。由此可以看出，含这个时态的句子常带一个表示过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；C）表示过去情况中的愿望、倾向，多用于否定句。例如：A) When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be . 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。He didnt expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。B) During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day. 在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。C) No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave . 甚至在讲座结束之后，听众仍不肯离去。5、现在进行时主要用来描述说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作，或是现阶段一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况：1）说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作。例如：They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。2）现阶段一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如：He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。How are you getting along with your new job？ 你那份新工作干得怎么样？3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于一般现在时所描述的情况。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如：Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？6、过去进行时主要表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作。由于它的定义是表示在过去的某个时间点上正在发生、进行的动作，所以，句子常带有一个表示过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语可能是短语，词组，或是一个从句。也可能是通过上下文来表达这层意思。过去进行时主要用于下面的情景中：1）表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作，例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我来看她的时候，她正在写一篇文章。What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八点钟你在做什么？2）用于故事的开头，交代故事发生的背景情况。过去进行时所描述的动作是正在进行，所以，在这种情景中用过去进行时可以给读者一种动感，从而能使文章更加生动活泼。例如：One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity .一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源3)（仅限少数动词）表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作。例如：When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .国庆节即将来临的时候，他们开始制订度假计划。She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友对我说，他今天要与他的一位客户一块儿吃午饭。We left there when its getting dark. 天快黑的时候，我们离开了那儿。7、将来进行时主要表示：A）在将来某时候正在进行的动作；B）预计、安排即将发生或势必发生的动作。例如：A）在将来某时候正在进行的动作：You can have a meeting in my office on Friday . I wont be using it. 星期五你可以在我的办公室开会。那会儿我不用它。What will you be doing tomorrow morning? 明天上午你做什么？It wont be long before that we will be making a new computer for more advanced calculation. 不久我们就要造一部新计算器进行更高级的运算。I cant go to the party tonight . Ill be seeing off a friend .今晚我不能参加聚会了。我要给一位朋友送行。B）预计、安排即将发生或势必发生的动作：在这里，将来进行时与一般将来时很接近，但是前者强调动作按计划、安排要发生；间或也表示委婉、客气，而后者只表示动作会在未来时间发生。We shall be meeting at the school gate .我们在校门口见面。What shall we be doing next ? 我们干什么？If you dont do so , you will be facing great difficulties.你如果不这样做就会面临很大的困难。Shall I be interrupting you if I stay here for a while? 要是我在这儿呆一会儿，会干扰你们吗？8、现在完成时对于初接触现在完成时的人来说，往往会产生一种茫然，因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。那就是，这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。其实不然，现在完成时主要表示，发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续；侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。弄清了这一区别，就很容易理解现在完成时了。它主要适用于下面的几种情况：1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。二五大基本句型一、主语+不及物动词（S+vi.）Birds fly. 鸟会飞。The birds are flying over the building. 那些鸟正飞过大楼上空。He sits in the back row. 他坐在后排。二、主语+及物动词+宾语（S+vt.+O）My brother studies history. 我哥哥研究历史。I put the newspaper on the table. 我把报纸放在了桌上。She only wants an apple. 她只想要一个苹果。三、主语+系动词+表语（S+v.+P）The flowers are very beautiful. 这些花非常漂亮。The music sounds very sweet. 这个音乐听起来很甜美。I feel sleepy today. 我今天感觉很累。四、主语+及物动词+简接宾语+直接宾语（S+vt. +IO+DO）Our English teacher often tells us stories in English. 我们的英语老师经常用英语给我们讲故事。I will find you a good chance as long as you wont lose heart. 只要你不失去信心，我会给你找个好机会的。My parents bought me a nice Christmas present. 我父母为我卖了一件精美的圣诞礼物。五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+vt.+O+C）They made her happy. 他们使她高兴。 They painted the door red. 他们把门漆成了红色。 I can hear someone playing the violin next door. 我听见有人在隔壁拉小提琴。三十大词性1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三 7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在. 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦 前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。四两种语态动词的主动语态（active voice）动词的被动语态（passive voice）当主语是动作的承受者时，谓语动词要用被动语态。五七种句子成分概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物，一般由名词、代词或不定式，V-ing和从句充当。谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。由动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样，由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。宾语:表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。定语：用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。） 宾语补足语：在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。6 三种从句从句的主要类型分为名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句）、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）。1、 名词性从句一主语从句主语从句在复合句中做主语，其中连接词that 不可省略。What he said is true. (他所说的是真的)That he was ill is true. (他病了这件事是真的)主语从句同其他名词性从句中用陈述句序How much he spent on his house remains a secret. (他花多少钱买的房子还是一个秘密)有时用it 作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。It doesnt matter to me whether he will come or not. (他是否来对我来说没有关系)It is said that that is what he wanted to say. (据说那就是他当时想说的话)二表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于主句系动词之后，连接词通常不能省略。Is the reason that he was ill and had to stay at home? (他的理由就是他当时病了，不得不呆在家里吗？)三宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，连接词that 可以省略。但在动词接两个或两个以上的宾语从句中，只有第一个连词that可以省略。He said (that) my English was very poor and that I should try my hard to improve it. (他说我的英语很差，我应该努力提高它。)含宾语从句的复合句中，有时为了保持句子平衡，也有用it 作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾的现象，特别是在make, find, see, hear, feel, think 等接宾补的动词后。The teacher made it clear that he must check the work after class. (老师明确指出他下课必须检查作业)有些动词如like, hate, see to, take(认为)，appreciate 等词后习惯跟上一个形式宾语it 再加宾语从句。I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. (我讨厌当（有些）人说话时嘴里塞满东西。)Ill appreciate it if you can come to help. (如果你能来帮忙，我很感激。)Dont take it for granted that he will do everything for you. (不要想当然他会为你做任何事情)不是所有的及物动词都能接宾语从句，如like, love, admire, want 等。I envy you that you succeed. () 我羡慕你成功。（错）I envy you your success. ()(同义)（对）2、 定语从句定语从句又叫形容词性从句，由关系代词+从句所修饰的名词或整个句子。被修饰的名词叫先行词，引导从句的引导词叫关系词，关键考点是定语从句的基本特征和关系词的选择。基本特征定语从句符合三个基本特征：有先行词有关系词（在意义上等同与先行词）关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。Is this bag_ you would like to take on your trip?( that, what ) 选what，无先行词，为表语从句）Make a mark _you have any question.( at which, where ) 选where，此处为状语从句，从句前虽有名词，但which与a mark在意义上不符There are many stars in the universe that _ bigger than the sun.( is, are )选are,此处that对应stars.把下面两个句子合成定语从句We finally climbed up the hill. At the foot of the hill lay a small house. (弄清引导词即先行词的特征，把of后的名词改成which,然后改为主从句形式即可)We finally climbed up the hills, at the foot of which lay a small house.2、关系词的选择 成分关系词 表意主语宾语定语时间状语地点状语原因状语表物that, which(有that或which选项多选that)that, which或省略Whosewhenwherewhy表人that whothat, who whom或省略whose人和物thatthat或省such和the sameasas注明：关系词that, which 的选择通常情况下选that,除以下几种情况：）当介词提到关系代词之前This is the house in which he lived last year.）在非限定性定语从句中The book, which was written in 1994 was published in 1996.)先行词为代词that 时Whats that which she is looking at.宜用who而不用that指人的情况）先行词是one, ones, anyone, those, he, you 等He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.）先行词有后置定语，以避免混淆。Kate talked with a classmate in London who worked in a factory.3、 状语从句状语从句根据状语的基本概念分为时间、让步、原因、地点、目的、结果、方式、比较和条件状语从句。1.时间状语从句连接词when, while, as在表示“当时候”的区别a)从句的动作在主句动作之前时，只用whenIll ring you up when I return.b)while从句不用短暂性动作，而且还可作并列连词表对比Feathers fall slowly while stones fall much faster.c)when还可作并列连词，译作“就在这时”。I was about to start when it began to rain.d)as表示“一边一边，随着”的意思He was singing as jumping.As time went on, her last became gray.2、让步状语从句although或though 引导的状语从句Although he was a child, he knew a lot.注明：不能与but连用，但可与yet连用，而且让步状语从句可有不同的形式。如：Poor as he is, he is ready to help.Child as he is, he knows a lot.(注：在名词child前不使用冠词)even if 或even though 引导状语从句时表示“即使，纵然”I wont attend his party even if Im invited.no matter+疑问词+ever 如：No matter how hard he tried, he wouldnt succeed.=However he tried, he wouldnt succeed.3、原因状语从句because, for, as, since, now thatbecause用来回答why提出的问题，表不知道的原因He was absent because he had to attend his sick mother.for虽然表示不知道的原因，其语气较because弱得多，相当于一个补充说明，常与主句有逗号隔开。It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (地上是湿的不是下雨的原因)表示已经知道的原因用as 或since，即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，它们常放在主句之前。Since everyone is here, now lets begin our class.As it was a fine day, we decided to go fishing.Now that 用法since 相同4、目的和结果状语从句 that, sothat, suchthat, so that, in order that. He turned up the radio, so that everyone heard it. (结果状语) He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear it. (目的状语) He worked so hard that he made rapid progress. He worked such long hours that his mother urged him to rest. They are such little boys that they cant do such work.5、地点状语从句Pictures were taken where stood a tower. (where =in the place where)Where there is a will, there is a way.6、方式状语从句as, as if(as though)Ill do as I am told to.It looks as if it is going to rain.7、比较状语从句 than, as倍数词的表达顺序The earth is 48 times bigger than the moon. as big as the moon.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.与名词的排列顺序I have as beautiful a pen as he (has). 7 虚拟语气 虚拟语气用于表示说话人所讲的内容往往与事实相反，或其实现可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话用的语气客气，缓和，委婉，也使用虚拟语气。虚拟语气通常用下列句式中：一、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中在if引导的非真实条件状语从句中，其主句和从句的谓语动词的形式如下：。条件状语从句主 句与现在事实相反一般过去时(be were)would / should / could / might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+动词过去分词should / would / could / might+have+动词过去分词与将来事实可能相反一般过去时或should(were to)+动词原形would / should / could / might+动词原形例：与现在的事实相反： If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹，乞丐们都有了坐骑。 If I were you, I would take his suggestion into consideration. 如果我是你，我会考虑他的建议。事实：我并不是你 与过去的事实相反：If I had taken his advice, our project would not have been put off如果我听取了他的建议，我们的工程就不会延期。If she hadnt been infected with HIV, she would have enjoyed a happier life如果她没有感染艾滋病病毒，她一定会过着更幸福的生活。If it were to rain tonight ,our date would be called off.如果今晚下雨的话，我们的约会将取消。If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way. 如果我有机会尝试的话，我会用另一种方法来解决。注：当条件状语从句中谓语部分含有had，should或were时，可省略if同时将had ，should或were提到主语前，构成省略if的倒装句。例：If he had told me the news earlier, I would have got well prepared for the coming test.=Had he told me the news earlier, I would have got well prepared for the coming test. 如果他早点告诉我此消息，我一定会为即将到来的考试做好准备。If I were you, I would give up the terrible idea =Were I you , I would give up the terrible idea.如果我是你，我会放弃这个可怕的想法。考例：What would have happened , as far as the river bank? 上海高考题A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther.答案：C.析:此题考查省略if且与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。完整的句子应为：What would have happened if Bob had walked farther, as far as the river bank?8 倒装句 倒装就是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装分为两种：一是完全倒装，即整个谓语完全被置到主语之前；二是部分倒装，通常是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。一、全部倒装 全部倒装就是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前，即+谓语+主语的形式，引起此类倒装的有下列几种情况：1、here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首时。如：There goes the bell.铃声响了。Then came the chairman.那时主席来了。Here is your letter.你的信。2、表示运动方向的副词或地点状语out, in, up, down, away等词置于句首时。如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下的导弹发射了出去。Ahead sat an old woman.一个老妇女坐在前头。Up went the plane.飞机起飞了。注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不需要完全倒装。如：Here he comes.他来了。Away they went.他们走了。There he came.他去那里了。3、主语较长时，为使句子平衡，倒装表语。如：On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspapers.地板上是一堆堆的书、杂志和报纸。Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.年轻又快乐的日子已经一去不复返。4、倒装宾语以求强调。如：The past one can know, but the future one can only feel.一个人可以明知过去，但只能体悟未来。What man has done man can do.前人能做的，后人也能做。二、部分倒装 部分倒装就是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句子中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。即+助/情态动词/do的形式/has的形式+主+谓语动词+其它。1、no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until, under no circumstances, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, nowhere, not onlybut(also),hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan等否定词或带否定意义的短语置于句首时。如：Never have I seen such a performance.我以前从没有看过这种演出。Nowhere will you find the answer the this question.哪里你都找不到这个问题的答案。Not until