名词性从句讲解(2012年8月16日).doc

名词性从句讲解（2012年8月16日）在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面：1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词wh-er引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题语法要点剖析一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。4. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I do not believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，有时候也可用其他疑问词引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。There is no doubt that our team will win 毫无疑问我们会赢。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: The news that our football team won the match wan encouraging（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）wh-ever 与 no matter wh- 的用法区别：名从与让步状从.试比较：whatever I said , he wouldnt listen to me He wouldnt believe whatever I said 题组训练：1.He wants _ (owe) 他想得到我所拥有的任何东西2._，he wants them all 无论我拥有什么，他都想得到3._ may get a ticket free任何想看那部电影的人都可以免费得到票4._，he may get a ticket free.无论谁想看那部电影，他可以免费得到票名词性从句中what 作为引导词的应用问题What在名从中作引导词同时还要在从句中充当成分（主语。宾语表语）表达具体人或者物。1. what he said sounds interesting /what he said is what I want to say .2. A modern city has been built in what was a wasteland 10 year ago3. Being a good listener is a kind of good quality and thats what it takes to keep friendship4. He is no longer what he used to be /what he was 名词性从句训练题（一）1、 in learning English is enough practice(matter).学习英语最重要的是足够的练习。2、 has a life-long affect on their children(say).父母说的和做的对孩子有终身的影响。3、 in his article was unknown to the general reader (refer).他在他的文章中所谈到的是不被大众所知道的。4、 the experiment hasnt been decided yet (go).我们是否会继续试验还没没有决定。5、 is still unknown (do).还不知道政府将如何处理这些旧房子。6、 hasnt been made public. (come).他们什么时候来还没有公之于众。7、 this will make a big mistake (fail).谁要是看不到这将会犯一个大错误。8、 the game is now known(win).谁赢了比赛还不知道。9、 is a serious matter to the people in Britain (threaten).这些古老的语言现在受到威胁并且可能消失，这对于英国人来说是个严肃的问题。10、 has not been decided(visit).我们是否参观长城，这还没有决定。名词性从句训练题（二）1. The fact makes him even stronger! (fail)他失败了两次的事实让他更加坚强。2. He told me the news from abroad soon. (come)他告诉了我他即将从国外回来的消息。3. The problem hasnt been confirmed.(reliable)问题是，这个消息是否可靠尚未被确认。4. This is my suggestion . (believe)你应该相信自己，这是我的建议。5. There was no doubt for a long time. (addicted)毫无疑问，他抽烟上瘾已很长一段时间了。6. I have no idea in the classroom when I was away. (go)我不知道当我离开教室的时候发生了什么事。7. It is a hope, not a demand, the senior citizens.(look)这是一个愿望，不是要求，每个人都尊重老人。8. An idea occurred to her the maths problem in another way. (work)她突然想起她可以用另外一种方法解答出这道数学题。9.The truth not the other way around, made the archbishop so angry that he decided to kill the scientist. ( move)地球围绕太阳转的事实让主教们如此生气以至于他们决定杀死这位科学家。10. I have a wish for 20 hours a day. (study) 我有一个愿望，希望自己一天学习20小时。名词性从句巩固训练题1._to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games took place in Beijing.(know)对于我们来说清楚的是，2008年奥运会在北京举办2. You can give the document to _in my house. (see)你可以把文件交给你在我家见到的任何人。3. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _.(speak)一些孩子通过学习与他们的父母在国内所讲的不同的语言来挑战自己。4. Some companies are working together to create _means of transport in the 21st century.(hope)一些公司一起合作，致力于创造他们希望在21世纪是是最好的交通方式。5. The last time we had great fun was _.(visit)上次我们一起玩得开心的时候是当我们参观颐和园时。6.It has been proved _helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (eat)已经证实，孩提时多吃蔬菜能够帮助你抵御日后的严重疾病。7.The students know the fact_.(around)学生们知道我们四周有空气的事实。8.The present trouble is_.(come)目前的问题是他什么时候才能到达这儿。9.Would you say something about_?(go)你能不能说点关于他学习进展的情况？10._is known to us all.(make)众所周知，世界是由各种物质组成的。11.My home town is different from_.(used)我的家乡和它从前的样子不同。12. _has now turned into realities. (consider)以前认为不可能的事现在已经变成了现实。13. _should do _the people. (elect,)任何当选领导的人做他所能做的来帮助人们。14. Nobody knows _in the future. (look)没有我知道人类将是什么样子。各种从句的回炉练习1_many times , “serve the people “ is our first policy. ( stress ) .正如我们多次强调的那样。“为人民服务”是我们的宗旨。2. Mother was so proud of all _that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing .(do )妈妈对我所做的感到如此骄傲以至于她奖励我去北京旅游。3. The news _has caused many people to hold on to their houses for better prices in the coming years.(rise)房价将上涨的消息已引起很多人攥住自己的房子，以求来年卖个好价钱。4. Such knowledge is still useful _to similar situations in other countries.(apply )这些知识任然有用，当应用于其它国家类似的情形里。5. As a new graduate , he doesnt know _to start a business here. (take )作为一名刚毕业的大学生，他不知道需要些什么才可以去做个生意。6. Its is uncertain _，although about two thousand patients have taken it. (bring)虽然200名病人服了这种药，但是它会带来什么副作用还不确定。7. The city _is very hot and damp in summer. ( grow )我成长的城市在夏天又热又潮湿。8. Today we will begin _ so that no point will be left out. (stop)今天我们在昨天结束的地方开始，所有的内容会讲完。9. The newly built caf , the walls of _， is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. (paint )新建的咖啡馆，它的墙漆成淡绿色，对于我们来说，尤其是在下班后，是个很安静的地方。10. The settlement is home to nearly 1000 people .many of _for a better life in the city. (leave )这个定居点居住着将近1000人，他们中的很多是离开自己村子，为了在城市寻找更好的生活。11. _, it means you have thought of me .( whichever ) 不管你给我什么样的礼物，都意味着你心里想到了我。12. Such was the force of explosion_. (break )爆炸的力量如此强大，所有的窗户都被震碎了13. Children should be encouraged to explore _.(whatever)应该鼓励孩子们去探索他们感到好奇任何的事情。14. Hearing the sound ,he stood up and looked in the direction _.(come)听到声音，他站了起来望着它传来的方向。15. _is that they are both entertaining and instructive, telling us how to deal with stress problems. (have )它们的共同之处是它们既富乐性又具有教育性，告诉我们如何应对压力。16.It has been ten years since he_. (join )他参军已有十年了。17. Could you please tell me _ the naughty children ? (attend )能不能告诉我如何处理这个淘气的孩子。18. _to read it ,I still couldnt figure out what the article was about. ( try )不管我多么努力去读这篇文章，我任然看不懂它在讲什么。19. Tom . dont you realize that is_?（lie）汤姆，难道你没有意识到你的错误所在？20. while I agree with most of what you said, I dont agree with your viewpoint _. (failure)虽然我赞同你大部分的话，但我不同意你的这个实验失败了的观点。21. _, your grades are falling . You should spend less time on the baseball field and move on your subjects . ( know )正如你知道的那样,你的成绩在下滑，你应该多花点时间在学习上而不是在棒球场。22. The boy , _，has to spend almost an hour walking to his school every morning . (poor )这个男孩，他家境贫穷，不得不每天早上花差不多一小时走到学校。23. Mrs. Black took the police to the same place_the robbery .(witness )布莱克夫人把警察带到了她目睹了抢劫案的地方。24. The experience , Im sure , will make a good memory and may even change _.( think)我确信经验会给你留下美好的回忆，同时可能会改变你看待生活的方式。25. I suggest that you consider our opinions carefully_on anything . (decide )我建议在你就任何事做出决定前仔细考虑下我们的意见。26. _traffic rules , I often come across such cases where the local drivers obviously know then but wont follow them . ( come )谈到交通规则，我经常碰到这样情况当地的司机清楚地知道却不去遵守27. The matter has reached a point _go to court . (have )这件事已经上升到双方不都不去法院的事态。28. _ till next Monday is informed on the board.（put ）通告栏上通告会议已经推迟到下周一。29. The old man said that if_，he would help them .(right)老人说如果他们所做的是对的，他就不会帮他们。30. Some people have told me that once you enter the university , you will be free to study _whatever ）有人已经告诉我一旦你进入大学，你可以学你感兴趣的任何东西。5名从训练（一）答案1. what matters most2. what parents say and do 3. what he referred to 4. whether he will go on with5. what the government will do with these old houses6. when they will come7. whoever fails to see8. who has won9. these old languages are being threatened and may disappear10. whether we will visit the Great wall名从训练(二) 答案1,that he has failed twice2,that he coming home/was to come home/back3, whether the news is reliable4. that you should believe in yourself5. that he had been addicted to smoking6. what was going on7. that everyone should look up to8. that he could work out9. that the earth moves around the sun10.that I could study.名词性从句巩固练习答案1.What is known2. whoever you see 3. what their parents speak at home4. what they hope will be the best5. when we were visiting t