翻译(排序版)核专业英语nuclearenergy.doc

A字开头A complete understanding of the microscopic structure of matter (物质微观结构 ) and the exact nature of the forces acting(作用力的准确性质) is yet to (有待于) be realized. However,excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for most practical purposes. These models are descriptive (描述的) or mathematical often based onanalogy (类推) with large-scale process, on experimental data (实验数据), or on advanced theory.对物质的微观结构和作用力的准确性质的完全认识仍有待于实现。然而，为了实际的用途，能足够精确地预知物质在微观世界行为的模型已经被研究出来。这些模型是描述性的或数学的，基于对大尺度过程的类推、实验数据或先进的理论。A nucleus can get rid of excess internal energy by the emission of a gamma ray, but in an alternate process called internal conversion, the energy is imparted directly to one of the atomicelectrons, ejecting it from the atom. In an inverse process called K-capture, the nucleus spontaneously absorbs one of its own orbital electrons. Each of these processes is followed by the production of X-rays as the inner shell vacancy is filled.一个原子核能够通过发射g 射线而除去过剩的内能，但在称为内转换的另一个交换过程中，能量直接传给原子中一个电子，使这一电子从原子中被逐出。在称为K 俘获的相反过程中，原子核自发地吸收其自己轨道上的一个电子。当内壳层空位被填充时，随着每一个这种过程，都有X 射线的产生。Although we cannot see nuclei, we imagine them to be spheres with a certain radius. To estimate that radius, we need to probe with another particlea photon, an electron, or a g-ray. But the answer will depend on the projectile used and its speed, and thus it is necessary to specify the apparent radius and cross sectional area for the particular reaction. This leads to the concept of cross section as a measure of the chance of collision.虽然我们看不到原子核，但我们可以猜想它们是一个个具有一定半径的球体。为了估算出半径，我们需要探测出另一些粒子光子、电子还有g 射线。但是结果又取决于使用的抛射体和它的速度，并且，指定表观半径和参与反应的横截面积也同样重要。这就使得横截面积成了衡量碰撞机率的标准。After many collisions, the neutron arrives at a low enough energy that it can be readily absorbed. If it is captured by the proton in a molecule of water or some other hydrocarbon, a gamma ray isreleased.在许多次碰撞后，中子能量变得非常低，在这个能量的中子很容易被吸收。如果它被水分子或某一些其它碳氢化物分子中的质子所俘获，就会释放g 射线。As the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.A device that provides forces on charged particles by some combination of electric and magnetic fields and brings the ions to high speed and kinetic energy is called an accelerator.加速器是通过电磁场的某些组合对带电粒子施加作用力，并使离子获得高速度和动能的一种装置。A laser can supply intense (强烈的) light of precise (精确的) frequencies, and a fine-tuned (被调整的, 有规则的) laser beam can provide photons that selectively ionize uranium-235 and leave uranium-238 unchanged.激光有极强亮度和极其精确的频率，调校好的激光束可以提供有选择性地分电离出235U92 而使U 23892 保持不变的光子。Among these are electrolysis , in which the H2O tends to be more readily dissociated ; fractional distillation, which takes advantage of the fact that D2O has a boiling point about 10C higher than that of H2O; and catalytic exchange, involving the passage of HD gas through H2O to produce HDO and light hydrogen gas.这些方法有：电解法，在电解中轻水比较容易分解；分馏法，此法的根据是利用D2O 的沸点比H2O的沸点约高1这种性质；催化交换法，往水里通HD气体产生HDO 和H2。B字开头Bombardment of a solid or gaseous deuterium target by high-speed deuterons gives fusion reactions, but most of the particle energy goes into electrostatic interactions that merely heat up the bulk of the target. The amount of energy required to operate the accelerator greatly exceeds the recoverable fusion energy, and thus some other technique is required.用高速氘核去轰击固体或气体的氘靶来产生聚变反应是可以的，但它的能量大部分消耗在仅仅使靶体加热的静电相互作用上。因此，加速器运行所需的能量大大超过了可以回收的聚变能量，看来此法不行，需要用其他技术。G字开头Gas is supplied and centrifugal force (离心力) tends to compress (压缩) it in the outer region, but thermal agitation (激励) tends to redistribute (重新分布) the gas molecules throughout the whole volume. Light molecules are favored in this effect, and their concentration (浓度) is higher near the center axis.供料呈气体状态，离心力偏向在它的外区压缩气体，而热扰动要使整个容积内的气体分子重新分布。轻分子受到离心力的作用小，靠近中心轴处它们的浓度比较高。H字开头Hundreds of “artificial” radioisotopes have been produced by bombardment of nuclei by charged particles or neutrons and by separation of the products of the fission process.通过用带电粒子或中子去轰击核，并分离裂变产物，许许多多的“人工”放射性同位素已被制造出来。I字开头In the inelastic scattering collision, an important process for fast neutrons in heavy elements, the neutron becomes a part of the nucleus; its energy provides excitation; and a neutron is released.在非弹性散射的碰撞中，在重元素的快中子的一个重要作用下，中子变成了原子核的一部分；由于其能量的激发，一个中子将被释放出来。If an electron that enters a material has a very low energy,it will merely migrate without affecting the molecules significantly.If its energy is larger, it may impart energy to atomic electrons,causing excitation of electrons to higher energy states or producingionization, with subsequent emission of light.如果进入物质的电子具有非常低的能量，它将仅仅移动，而对分子没有较大的影响。如果电子的能量比较大，它会将能量传递给原子的电子，使电子激发到较高的能态或产生电离，接着发生光的发射。In the Compton effect, a photon of lower energy survives, but in the photoelectric effect, the photon is eliminated. In each case, the electron released may have enough energy to excite orionize other atoms by the mechanism described earlier. Also, the ejection of the electron is followed by light emission or X-ray production, depending on whether an outer shell or inner shell is involved.在这个康普顿效应中，低能光子继续存在下来，而在光电效应中，光子消失了。在每一种情况下，所释放的电子可以有足够的能量通过前面叙述的机制去激发或电离其它原子，同样，电子的发射继之有光的发射或X 射线的产生，这取决于所涉及的是外壳层还是内壳层。In certain heavy elements, notably uranium and plutonium , an alternate consequence is observed-the splitting of the nucleus into two massive fragments , a process called fission.As the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.但在某些重元素中，特别明显的是铀（U）和钚（Pu），则会看到另一种结果，即核分裂成两个大碎片，此过程叫做核裂变。这些碎片分开时，失去原子的电子而变成高速离子。这些离子在飞行过程中与周围介质的原子、分子相互作用又损失掉能量。如果裂变是在核反应堆中发生的，那么可以以热能形式回收这部分能量。In order to sustain a chain reaction as in a nuclear reactor or in a nuclear weapon, the value of must be somewhat above l because of processes that complete with absorption in uranium,such as capture in other materials and escape from the system. There is a possibility of using the extra neutron, over and above the one required to maintain the chain reaction, to produce new fissile materials. Conversion involves the production of some new nuclear fuel to replace that used up, while breeding is achieved if more fuel is produced than is used.为了在反应堆或核武器中维持链式反应，h 值必须稍微大于中，因为反应过程中除了铀吸收中子外，还存在其他材料吸收中子和中子本身反应系统的情况。除维持链式反应所需要的一个路子之外，多余的中子可能被用于生产新的易裂变材料。这里涉及到两个术语，“转换”和“增殖”。“转换”是指产生一些新的核燃料代替用掉的核燃料，而如果产生的核燃料多于用掉的则达到“增殖”。In the nuclear field, however, individual isotopes such as uranium-235 and hydrogen -2 (deuterium) are required. Since isotopes of a given element have the same atomic number Z, they are essentially identical chemically, and thus a physical method must be found that distinguishes among particles on the basis of mass number A.但是核工业用的几种物质，需要元素的单一同位素或特殊结合的同位素。235U92 和H 21 就是两个重要的例子。由于给定元素的同位素具有相同的原子序数Z，所以它们的化学性质基本上是相同的，这样就需要靠质量数A来辨认粒子之间的差别，这是一种物理方法。M字开头MANY NATURALLY occurring and man-made isotopes have the property of radioactivity, which is the spontaneous disintegration (decay) of the nucleus with the emission of a particle.The process takes place in minerals of the ground, in fibers of plants, in tissues of animals, and in the air and water, all of which contain traces of radioactive elements.许多天然存在的和人造的同位素有放射性的特性，即原子核随着粒子的发射而自发地衰变。这过程发生在地下矿物中、植物纤维中、动物组织中以及空气和水中，所有这些物质都含有微量放射性元素。N字开头Nuclear reactions-those in which atomic nuclei participate-may take place spontaneously, as in radioactivity, or may be induced by bombardment with a particle or ray. Nuclear reactions are much more energetic than chemical reactions, but they obey the same physical laws-conservation of momentum, energy, number of particles, and charge.核反应（有原子核参与）可能会自然发生，如放射性，或可能被粒子或射线轰击诱发。核反应比化学反应剧烈的多，但它们遵守同样的物理定律-动量、能量、粒子数、电荷守恒。Neutrons are slowed readily by collisions with light nuclei and migrate from their point of origin. On reaching thermal energy, they continue to disperse, with the net flow dependent onthe spatial variation of flux.中子由于同轻核碰撞而被迅速地慢化，并从它们的起始点迁移开。到达热能区后它们继续散开，且其净流量与与通量斜率的负值成正比。O字开头Our material world is composed of many substances distinguished by their chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties. They are found in nature in various physical states-the familiar solid, liquid, and gas, along with the ionic plasma However, the apparent diversity of kinds and forms of material is reduced by the knowledge that there are only a little over 100 distinct chemical elements and that the chemical and physical features of substances depend merely on the strength of force bonds between atoms.我们的物质世界是由许多物质组成的，这些物质可由其化学性质、机械特性和电的特性来加以区别。在自然界所找到的物体处于各种各样的物理状态，即人们所熟悉的固体，液体和气体，此外，还有离子等离子体。然而，由于已认识到目前仅有的一百多种不同的化学元素，并且物质的化学性质和物理性质仅仅是由原子间结合力的强度所决定的，因此物质种类和形式的这种表面上的多种多样性可被归纳简化。Ordinary light as in the visible range is a mixture of many frequencies, directions, and phases. In contrast, light from a laser(light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation) consists of a direct beam of one color and with the waves in step.我们平常所见到的光，是由许多不同频率、方向、位相的光混合而成的。相比之下，激光（通过受激发射光扩大）则更为准直、仅有一种颜色并且波的步调一致。Only one natural isotope , 235U, undergoes fission in this way, while 239Pu and 233U are the main artificial isotopes that do so. Most other heavy isotopes require significantly larger excitation energy to bring the compound nucleus to the required energy level for fission to occur, and the extra energy must be provided by the motion of the incoming neutron.只有这么一种天然同位素235U92 能这样发生裂变，虽然239Pu94 和U 23392 也能这样发生裂变，但它们是主要的人造同位素。大多数其它的重同位素要发生裂变，则需要使复合核得到比这大得多的激发能，以达到发生裂变所需要的能量水平，而且必须靠入射中子的动能提供额外的能量。R字开头Rather than giving a charge one large acceleration with a high voltage, it can be brought to high speed by a succession of accelerations through relatively small potential differences.不是用高压给电荷以一次大的加速，而是通过比较小的电势差，经过一系列加速使带电粒子获得高速度。T字开头The emission and absorption of light from incandescent hydrogen gas was first explained by Bohr with a novel model of the hydrogen atom. He assumed that the atom consists of a singleelectron moving at constant speed in a circular orbit about a nucleusthe proton.炽热的氢气发射和吸收光，首先是由玻尔用一个新奇的原子模型来解释的。他认为氢原子是由一个原子核（质子）及在环绕原子核的圆形轨道上以恒定速度运动的一个电子所组成。The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges,which varies inversely as the square of their separation, would be expected to be so large that nuclei could not be formed. The factthat they do exist is evidence that there is an even larger force of attraction.同性电荷间的静电排斥力与它们间的距离成反比，预期在核内排斥力很大，以致于不能形成原子核。而原子的确存在的事实，是存在着更大吸引力的证据。存在的事实，是存在着更大吸引力的证据。The interpretation of nuclear reactions often involves the concept of compound nucleus. This intermediate stage is formed by the combination of a projectile and target nucleus. It has extraenergy of excitation and breaks up into the outgoing particle or ray and the residual nucleus核反应的解释通常牵涉到复合核的概念。这个中间阶段是由一个入射粒子和靶核组合而成。它有更多的激发能把复合核分解为出射粒子或射线和剩余核。THE WORD “radiation” will be taken to embrace all particles, whether they are of material or electromagnetic origin. We include those particles produced by both atomic and nuclear processes and those resulting from electrical acceleration, noting that there is no essential difference between X-rays from atomic collisions and gamma rays from nuclear decay; protons can come from a particle accelerator, from cosmic rays, or from a nuclear reaction in a reactor. The word “materials” will refer to bulk matter, whether of mineral or biological origin, as well as to the particles of which the matter is composed, including molecules, atoms, electrons, and nuclei.采用“辐射”这一词是为了包括所有的粒子，不论它们的起源是物质的或是电磁的。我们包括了由原子和核两种过程所产生的辐射，以及由电加速所产生的辐射，注意，由原子碰撞产生的X 射线和由核衰变所产生的g 射线不存在根本的差别；质子可能来自粒子加速器，来自宇宙射线或来自反应堆中的核反应。“物质”这一词指的是大量物质，不管其起源是矿物的或是生物的，此外也不管组成物质的是哪种粒子，包括分子、原子、电子和原子核。The resulting deuteron recoils with energy that is much smaller than that of the gamma ray but still is far greater than the energy of binding of atoms in the water molecule. Againdissociation of the compound takes place, which can be regarded as a form of radiation damage.所产生的氘核发生反冲，其反冲能量比g 射线能量要小得多，但是它仍远大于水分子中原子的结合能。于是，化合物可再一次发生离解，这种离解被认为是一种辐射损伤。The prompt gamma rays are emitted as a part of fission; the rest are fission product decay gammas. Neutrinos accompany the beta particle emission, but since they are such highly penetrating particles their energy cannot be counted as part of the usefulthermal energy yield of the fission process. Thus only about l90MeV of the fission energy is effectively available.裂变时发出的g 射线是“瞬发”g 射线，而其余的为“衰变”g 射线。伴随b 粒子发射的中微子，由于它们的穿透性极强，所以不能把它们的能量计入裂变过程产生的有效热能。这样，可以有效利用的裂变能大约只有190 兆电子伏。但是，原子核俘获中子之后释放的g 射线的能量（几兆电子伏）也能被取出来作为有用的热能。The heavy isotope of hydrogen, deuterium, has two principal nuclearapplications: (a) as low-absorption moderator for reactors, especially those using natural uranium, and (b) as a reactant in the fusion process.氢的重同位素2H1 （氘），在核领域主要有两种用途：（a）作为反应堆（特