2010年专八真题点评(王长喜).doc

学英语 找长喜整体格局参考专四真题点评，仍为8K，页眉左手页写“专四7套真题”，右手页写年代。下面一套页眉写“2010年真题点评”，从第1页起排。PART LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTURE下面内容排三栏，注意按下面标注排列。左栏与中间栏之间要划线，留空。左栏Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tones of voices or change their physical posture in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features A. (1) : to express attitude or intention B. examples 1. whispering: need for secrecy 2. breathiness: deep emotion 3. (2) : unimportance 4. nasality: anxiety 5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacyII. Second category: physical paralinguistic features A. facial expressions 1. (3) smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome 2. less common expressions eyebrow raising: surprise or interest lip biting: (4) B. gestureGestures are related to culture. 1. British culture shrugging shoulders: (5) scratching head: puzzlement2. other cultures placing hand upon heart: (6) pointing at nose: secretC. proximity, posture and echoing 1. proximity: physical distance between speakers closeness: intimacy or threat (7) : formality or absence of interest Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) -specific. 2. posture hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9) direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude 3. echoing definition: imitation of similar posture (10) : aid in communication conscious imitation: mockery中间Paralinguistic features of languagesGood morning, everyone. Today well continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, well look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called “paralinguistic features of language”. These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body. Now, the first category is what we call “vocal paralinguistic features”. (1)Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. (2)The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tones of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.Now, lets come to the second category physical paralinguistic features which involves the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me cite some brief examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel or what we need. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a powerful conveyer of meaning. (3)We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eye-brows suggest that you are surprised or interested in something. (4)Other facial actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something; compressing the lips, which shows that you are making decisions; and a visible clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too. The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings. Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to particular cultures. That is to say, different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. (5)In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I dont care”, or “I dont know”. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can mean welcome and farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you are at a loss. (6)In other cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means its a secret. Thats why we say that gestures are culture bound.The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers. (7)But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, Id like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another. (8)And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations, such as an informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back, shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. (9)Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact changes the nature of interaction, and can been seen as either open or challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. (10)When two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same posture, as if in imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manner. When used in this way, echoing appears to complement the verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is mocking at another speaker.Ok, in todays lecture, we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as tone of voice, gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic features of language, like grammar or vocabulary, are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face-to-face encounters. In our next lecture, well watch some video material and see how people actually use paralinguistic means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.右栏1.【答案】tones of voice信息辨认【解析】这篇讲座主要介绍副语言特征。作者首先谈到副语言特征分为两大类，第一类即是语音特征。其定义是Vocal features are actually tones of voicethey may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way，即语音特征是指语调在某种方式上能够表达态度或意愿。故本空应填入tones of voice。2.【答案】huskiness信息辨认【解析】作者在介绍语音特征时举了五个例子，这里考查的是第三个例子。由The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportance可知，本题答案为huskiness”粗哑声”。3.【答案】universal signals/ universal expressions信息辨认【解析】在介绍过语音特征之后，作者紧接着提到第二类副语言特征，即肢体的副语言特征。作者首先介绍了面部表情，举例时首先提到微笑是一种universal signal of pleasure or welcome，然后列举了”not be so common”的面部表情，即less common expressions，因此本题与less common expressions相对，所以答案是universal signals或universal expressions。4.【答案】thinking or uncertainty信息辨认【解析】在介绍面部表情时，作者说biting your lip暗示you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain about something。根据要求，填入的单词不能超过3个，并且所填词应为名词形式，故答案为thinking or uncertainty。5.【答案】lack of interest/ indifference信息转述【解析】介绍了面部表情之后，作者随后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第二类：姿势。举例时作者提到In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I dont care”, or “I dont know”，本空应该填入名词（短语），因此将I dont care转述为lack of interest或indifference。6.【答案】truth/ honesty信息辨认【解析】作者在介绍其他文化中一些动作所代表的含义时提到将手放在心上表示you are telling the truth，故本空可直接填入truth，也可填入honesty。7.【答案】distance信息辨认【解析】作者最后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第三个方面。第7空应该与closeness相对应，据此推测答案为distance。录音中的But distance may show formality, or lack of interest印证了推测。8.【答案】situation信息辨认【解析】作者提到proximity与个人的行为方式和文化都有关系（both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound），然后又补充说距离近在某些场合是合适的，而在另一些场合却又是不合适的，因此proximity还与场合有关，答案为situation。9.【答案】mood信息转述【解析】作者提到hunched shoulders and a hanging head预示着一个人是否高兴（whether the person is happy or not），也就是预示着人的心情，故此处填mood。10.【答案】unconscious echoing/ unconscious similar posture信息辨认【解析】讲座中提到模仿行为对交流有辅助作用的前提是used in this way，这显然指前面提到的无意识的模仿，因此空处应该填unconscious echoing或 unconscious similar posture。SECTION B INTERVIEW【听前预测】浏览各题干可知，采访对象是Dr Johnson。根据第1题的diversity，means以及第4题和第5题的racial diversity，age diversity，religious diversity可以推测，采访过程中Dr Johnson谈到了多样化或差异的含义以及种族差异、年龄差异和宗教差异。下面内容只能分两栏排列了左栏W: The word “diversity” has become a clich in the United States today. It seems to me that nowadays Americans cannot turn on the television or read a newspaper without seeing the word pop up somewhere as a description of American demographic. Then what is this diversity in the U.S.? Today we are very pleased to have Dr. James Johnson here on our talk show. Welcome, Dr. Johnson.M: Thanks.W: Dr. Johnson, we know you have done an extensive research on diversity. So what is how do you define diversity in the American context?M: Well, at one time, the U.S. was called “a melting pot”, you know, which means that people of many different religions, cultures and races could shed their traditional cultural identities and blend into one homogeneous nation.W: Am I right in saying that a melting pot will emphasize the idea of all in one or being the same?M: Yes, you may say so. Umm, of course, when the phrase “melting pot” was popular, there was also the idea of being different, But being different then simply meant Catholic as opposed to Protestant, or Irish as opposed to Swedish or Italian.W: Has the idea of being different changed over the years?M: Yes, of course. 1You see today we use the word “diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic differences Asian American, African American and Latino, for instance. And religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not merely different branches of Christianity.W: And now is America as a whole truly diverse country?M: Well, I think, in all this talk of diversity, there is a critical point that may be missed. That is, 2diversity is not occurring everywhere in the U.S., or at least not to a degree that would alter the demography of every region in the country.W: Oh, really?M: I can give you an example. Recently, a New York Times article describes the town of Selinsgrove in Pennsylvania. You see, in the last ten years, things have barely changed in that town. The population has dropped by one from 5,384 to 5,383, and the town remains virtually 100% white. The article thus concludes that 2many portions of the country remain, like Selinsgrove, virtually unchanged on the march towards diversity.W: So regions vary in terms of the degree and types of diversity?M: Thats correct. Lets see, there are 3 types of diversity in the U.S. and they differ from region to region.W: Could you elaborate on that?M: OK. The first is the racial diversity. States with the most racially diverse populations stand in stark contrast to those with the least racially diverse populations. Umm, lets look at two states, California and Maine. 3From 1990 to 2000, Californias Caucasian population meaning non-Hispanic whites declined from 57% to 48%. By 2025, it is predicted, that figure will drop to just 34%, which indicates a future change in the racial composition of California. On the contrary, Maines Caucasian population was 98% of its total population throughout the 1990s. And by 2025, Maines population will still be 97% Caucasian, which means virtually no change in Maines racial diversity over the next 20 or so years.W: This shows that racial diversity is not occurring everywhere. Then what about other types of diversity?M: Right. The second type of diversity is age diversity. And therere some interesting age gaps developing between states. For example, there is a large gap between the average age of the 5 stages with the youngest populations, and the 5 states with the oldest populations. This, of course, is well-know. What is less discussed is the difference between the racial makeup of the younger and older populations. 4Most of the populations having the greatest racial diversity are younger on average than the populations with greater Caucasian representation. It is also well-know that Caucasians tend to be more affluent than other ethnic groups on average. In our pay-as-you-go Social Security system, workers are taxed to pay the benefits of retirees, so this could lead to a future, where wealth is systematically redistributed from younger, poorer minorities, to older, wealthier whites.W: This is a very interesting point. Then what is the third type of diversity in the U.S.?M: The third is religious diversity. Immigration from India, Pakistan and the Middle East brought radically increasing numbers of Hindus and Muslims to the US. And Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese and other Asian immigrants increase the numbers of Buddhists.W: Oh, I see.M: 5But the point is that these religions didnt settle everywhere. They settled mainly in Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Minneapolis. From 1990 to 2000, the number of Muslims in New York City grew from 600,000 to nearly one million. In the Los Angles area, there are now more than 300 Buddhist temples.W: 2So we see that many parts of the U.S. are truly becoming more diverse, while at the same time, others are centrally remaining the same in terms of race, age and religion.M: Yes, that is true.W: Ok, Dr. Johnson, thank you very much for coming on the show and talking to us.M: My pleasure.右栏1. According to Dr Johnson, diversity meansA merging of different cultural identities.B more emphasis on homogeneity.C embracing of more ethnic differences.D acceptance of more branches of Christianity.【解析】选C。在讲diversity的含义之前，Dr Johnson提到了a melting pot的含义。A与B均是a melting pot的含义，故排除。由today we use the word “diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic differences可知，C为答案，diversity指的是更多的种族差异。由religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not merely different branches of Christianity可以判断D错误。2. According to the interview, which of the following statements is CORRECT?A Some places are more diverse than others.B Towns are less diverse than large cities.C Diversity can be seen everywhere.D American is a truly diverse country.【解析】选A。在回答“美国现在是不是一个真正多样化的国家”的问题时，Dr Johnson说“多样化并不发生在美国的各处，至少没有达到改变国家每一地区的人口状况的程度”。据此判断C与D皆错误。后面以美国宾夕法尼亚州Selinsgrove镇为例，说明美国一些地区在向diversity进军时几乎没有发生变化，故A是对的，这也可以从最后女士的总结中得到验证。Dr Johnson没有明确说明小镇比大城市的差异程度小，排除B。3. According to Dr Johnson, which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeup by 2025?A Maine.B Selinsgrove.C Philadelphia.D California.【解析】选D。录音中提到加利福尼亚州在1990-2000年间，白人人口比例从57%降到48%，预计到2025年会降至34%，而缅因州的白人人口比例在整个90年代保持在98%，到2025年会达到97%，几乎未发生变化。因此加利福尼亚州在2025年之前人种变化是最大的，答案选D。4. During the interview Dr Johnson indicates thatA greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.B both older and younger populations are racially diverse.C age diversity could lead to pension problems.D older populations are more racially diverse.【解析】选A。根据“大多数有着最大民族差异性的人群要比有着较大的白人比例的人群年轻”可以反向推出，年轻的人群中民族差异现象更为明显，故A为答案。【点睛】A、B、D三项均说的是“younger populations和older populations中，哪个民族差异更大”，三项互相矛盾并涉及所有可能的情况，故其中之一为答案，B项可直接排除。5. According to the interview, religious diversityA was most evident between 1990 and 2000.B exists among Muslim immigrants.C is restricted to certain places in the US.D is spreading to more parts of the country.【解析】选C。Dr Johnson最后谈到religious diversity时说these religions didnt settle everywhere. They settled mainly in Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities，所以说，宗教差异主要局限于几个城市，C正确，D错误。SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNEWS ITEM ONE下面排版同上半年专四真题点评相应部分，三栏，【听前预测】四个选项中有三项与cell phone (wallet phone)有关，据此可以预测，本则新闻可能是对一款手机的推广和介绍。左栏 中间6. What is the main idea of the news item?A Sony developed a computer chip for cell phones.B Japan will market its wallet phone abroad.C The wallet phone is one of the wireless innovations.D Reader devices are available at stores and stations.“Japan will start an aggressive push to market abroad its mobile technology, especially the nations popular wallet-phone.” A government official said Tuesday. Although Japan boasts some of the most sophisticated cell-phones in the world, the na