基本句型和被动语态.doc

基本句型：（一）陈述句1. 陈述句的肯定式：主语+谓语+其他e.g. That boy often helps other. I went to the cinema yesterday.2. 陈述句的否定式1) be的否定式a. 用作系动词时：主语+ be + not + 表语+ 其他e.g. She is not a teacher.b. 用作助动词：用于be going to do/ be going/be done等结构结构：主语+ be + not + 动词的现在分词或过去分词+ 其他e.g. Jim isnt playing football.2) 助动词和情态动词的否定式e.g. Man cant live without water.3) 除not 外，其他否定词也可构成否定句a. 用no 表示，no=not any, not a e.g. He has no sisters.=He doesnt have any sisters.b. never 绝不，从来不e.g. I have never seen such a man.c. little, few 几乎没有e.g. There are few students in the classroom.d. no one/ nobody 没有人e.g. No one/ Nobody is interested in the book.e. nothing 什么也没有e.g. There is nothing wrong with you.f. neither of 没有什么人(用于两者都不) none of 没有任何人，什么都没有(用于三者及三者以上都不)e.g. Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.g. seldom很少，hardly 几乎不e.g. I seldom go to hospital. I can hardly say a word.h. tooto太以至于不能e.g. He is too late to catch the bus.（二）感叹句1. 由what 引导的感叹句a. What + a/ an + 形容词+ 单数可数名词+ 主语+ 谓语!e.g. What a beautiful girl she is!b. What+ 形容词+ 复数可数名词+ 主语+ 谓语!e.g. What important jobs they have done!c. What + 形容词+ 不可数名词+ 主语+ 谓语!e.g. What sweet water it is!2. 由how引导的感叹句a. How + 形容词或副词+ 主语+ 谓语!e.g. How interesting the dog is!b. How + 形容词+ a/ an +单数可数名词+ 主语+ 谓语!e.g. How useful a subject they are learning！c. How + 主语+ 谓语!e.g. How time flies!3. 一些特殊形式a. 在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句，表示某种强烈的感情e.g. He runs so fast! Do read it carefully!b. 感叹句也可以表示强烈感情的一个词或词组e.g. Wonderful! Look out! Great!c. 以there, here 等副词开头的感叹句e.g. There she is! Here goes the bell!练习：1. _ food youve cooked! A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice2. _terrible weather weve been having these days!A. What B. What a C. How D. How a3. - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time（三）祈使句：祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1)动词原形（省略主语）e.g. Come in! Be quiet!有时为了加强语气，可以在动词前加上do, 表示“务必，一定”e.g. Do come on time! Do look out!否定形式：Dont + 动词原形e.g. Dont be late.2)以let开头Lets + 动词原形 e.g. Lets go 否定形式：Lets + not + 动词原形 e.g. Lets not speak loudly.练习：1. Im leaving now. _ you turn off the lights.A. To make sure B. Make sure C. Made sure D. Making sure2. Tom, _afraid of speaking in public. You are no longer a small boy, said Mum. A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. don t be3. Its a secret between us. Dont tell anybody._. A.I do B.I dont C.I will D.I wont4. Be _, and you will do well in the English exam. A. careful B. polite C. sure D. friendly（四）疑问句1. 一般疑问句基本结构：be + 主语+ 其他? 助动词/ 情态动词+ 主语+ 谓语（动词原形）+ 其他?e.g. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am.1) 用其他词语代替yes 或no 来回答，从而使语气变得客气、委婉 e.g. Can you come and go to the park with me? Im afraid not. I have a lot of work to do.2) 否定的一般疑问句通常是以be 动词、情态动词或助动词与not的缩略形式开头，往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气 e.g. Dont you hear of that? Yes, I do.2. 特殊疑问句 1) 疑问代词：who, whom, what, whose, which e.g. Who is your teacher? Miss Gao is my teacher.2) 疑问副词：用于对状语提问，有when, where, why, how e.g. When did you come here? In 2005.3) 疑问词组：how soon, how long, how far, how often e.g. How soon will the concert begin? In twenty minutes.4) 特殊否定疑问句一般有劝告、建议、责备等意味 e.g. Why dont you go to the zoo? = Why not go to the zoo?3. 选择疑问句1) 一般选择疑问句：一般疑问句+ or + 被选择部分? e.g. Do you like apples or pears? I like pears.2) 特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句+ A or B? e.g. Which would you like better, tea or coffee? I like coffee.练习：1. _is her daughter? The girl on the right wearing blue jeans. A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where2. Would you like to watch the movie with me tonight? _, but I have too much homework to do. A. Id love to B. Thats all right C. It doesnt matter D. Not at all3. _people visit the 2010 Shanghai World Expo every day? About 300,000. A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often4. I like that camera. _ is it? Its 100 dollars. A. How often B. How much C. How long D. How many5. _do you usually fly kites? In the parkA. Why B. How C. When D. Where6. _? He is tall. A. How is he B. What does he likeC. What is he D. What does he look like7. _will your Dad be back from Dalian? In a week, I think.A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How far8. _ are you talking about? The Olympic Games in Beijing. A. What B. Whom C. How D. Where被动语态：（一）被动语态的基本形式1. 英语的谓语动词有两种语态 We speak English. 主语 谓语 宾语 主动语态 English is spoken by us. 主语 谓语 宾语 被动语态2. 被动语态的基本形式 Be+ 动词过去分词各种时态的主动、被动语态结构（以动词do为例）列表如下：1) 一般现在时：S(主语）+am/is /are +过去分词e.g. They make shoes in that factory.主语 +及物动词 +宾语 Shoes are made (by them) in that factory. We call the snowman Mr. Strong. The snowman is called Mr. Strong. 2) 一般过去时：S+ was/were +过去分词 e.g. They bought ten computers last term 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 Ten computers were bought (by them) last term.He bought his friend some fruits yesterday. Some fruits were bought for his friend yesterday. His friend was bought some fruits yesterday. 3) 一般将来时：S+ will+ be+ 过去分词 e.g. They will finish the work in ten days. 主语 +谓语 +宾语 The work will be finished (by them) in ten days. They are going to have an evening party tomorrow.An evening party is going to be had tomorrow. 4) 现在进行时：S+ am/is/are + being +过去分词 e.g. Some workers are painting the rooms now 主语 + 谓语 +宾语 The rooms are being painted by some workers now. They are holding a sports meeting now. A sports meeting is being held (by them) now. 5) 现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+过去分词 e.g. We have made twenty more keys 主语 + 谓语 宾语 Twenty more keys have been made by us.e.g. Workers have built the house since two years ago. The house has been built since two years ago. 6) 含有情态动词can / may/ must + do can / may / must + be donee.g. He can be found by me.练习：1. A friendly basketball match between teachers and students _ tomorrow afternoon. Anybody is welcome.A. was held B. will be held C. is held D. must be held2. There was a big earthquake in Japan, but luckily many people _.A. save B. saved C. is held D. were saved3. Food safety is important. Rules _ to stop people from food pollution.A. must make B. must be made C. cant make D. cant be made4. How often do I need to feed the birds? They _ food every day, or they will be hungry.A. must give B. mustnt give C. must be given D. mustnt be given5. Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo! It _ be my uncle. He is working in Shanghai.A. is bought B. was bought C. has bought D. had bought6. Would you like to go to the movies with me? Sorry, I _ to go out tonight. A. wont be allowed B. am allowed C. dont allow D. will allow7. As China grows stronger and stronger, Chinese _ in more and more schools out of our country. A. teaches B. is taught C. has taught D. was taught （二）被动语态的特殊形式1. It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词 e.g. believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。It is said that 据说 It is reported that据报道It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that众所周知 It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议。e.g. It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）2. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 e.g. His mother gave him a present for his birthday.He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 e.g. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 e.g. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 e.g. The meeting is to be put off till Friday.练习：1. I _ five minutes to decided whether I should go or not. A. gave B. was giving C. had given D. was given2. Good care _ such things. A. should take B. should be taking C. should be taken of D. should be taken3. The teacher made him _ his homework. A. to do B. do C. did D. done4. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had been C. has D. had（三）主动形式表示被动意义的情况1. 系动词look, smell, sound, feel, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, become, fall, get, grow, keep+ 形容词/ 名词构成系表结构 e.g. The steel feels cold. His plan proved to be practical.2. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词：begin, finish, start, open, close,