初三英语阅读和写话.doc

初三英语阅读和写话一、题型分析与解题指导 此部分考查学生阅读理解能力和基础写作能力。I. Reading comprehension (阅读理解)： 阅读理解是集语法、词汇、逻辑推理、背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除了对学生的阅读理解的正确性进行测试外，还从阅读速度、阅读技巧、用词能力、文化背景知识等方面对学生进行考查。目前的测试，对学生阅读理解能力的要求也越来越高，测试的重点由文章的细节、事实，改为对全文整体的理解；由考短文的表层意义， 转向对文章深层含义的理解及逻辑推理和判断能力。体现了语言教学应注重能力、注重素质这一趋势。近年中考阅读理解采用的语篇，很多来自原著节选。题材丰富、体裁各异。 旨在引导学生多读课外读物，扩大语言的输入量。有三种考查题型: A、判断正误，B、选择最恰当的答案，C、根据短文内容，回答问题。做阅读理解题时，在提高阅读速度的同时要注意理解的正确率。做到既抓住文章材料的中心意思，也掌握体现中心意思的事实；既弄清楚具体事实，也理解抽象的概念；既懂得文章的表面意思，也理解作者的意图及深层的含义；既理清全篇的逻辑关系，也顾及句子或段落的意思。在读懂文章的基础上，用自己所掌握的知识来帮助解题，着重注意以下几个方面：1. 先快速浏览一遍所给的问题。然后带着问题，有针对性地去阅读所给文章，掌握其大意，了解主要情节。2. 注意关注文章的首段与首句，因为它们极可能是文章或该段的中心句。3. 文章中的一些细节，如who（人物）、where（地点）、when（时间）、what（事件）、why（原因），要弄清楚。4. 答题时，通过文中线索来分析、推断作者的意图、事件的结论、中心意思以及文章的标题。这是阅读理解中最难的，往往也是测试的重要内容。5. 要根据英语国家一些语言习惯、风俗习惯、宗教信仰等来分析问题，不要以中国人的习惯进行推理和判断。6. 做完题后要复读文章，检查答案。以 B题型为例:In the 13th century(世纪), the famous Italian traveller, Marco Polo, travelled a long way to China. During his stay in China, he saw many wonderful things. One of the things he discovered was that the Chinese used paper money. In western countries, people did not use paper money until the 15th century. However, people in China began to use paper money in the 7th century.A Chinese man called Cai Lun invented paper almost 2,000 years ago. He made it from wood. He took the wood from trees and made it into paper. He then put these pieces of paper together and made them into a book.Now paper still comes from trees. We use a lot of paper every day. If we keep on wasting so much paper, there will not be any trees left on the earth. If there are no trees, there will be no paper. Every day, people throw away about 2,800 tons of paper in our city. It takes 17 trees to make one ton of paper. This means that we are cutting nearly 48,000 trees every day. Since it takes more than 10 years for a tree to grow, we must start using less paper now. If we dont, we will not have enough time to grow more trees to take the place of those we use for paper.So how can we save paper? We can use both sides of every piece of paper, especially when we are making notes. We can choose drinks in bottles instead of those in paper packets. We can also use cotton handkerchiefs and not paper ones. When we go shopping, we can use fewer paper bags. If the shop assistant does give us a paper bag, we can save it and reuse it later.Everyone can help to save paper. If we all think carefully, we can help protect trees. But we should do it now, before it is too late.Choose the best answer1. When he was in China, Marco Polo _. A. discovered Cai Lun invented paper B. learned to make paperC. saw many wonderful things D. read a lot of books2. People in western countries first used paper money in the_ century. A. 17th B. 15th C. 13th D. 7th3. About _ tons of paper is thrown away every day in our city. A. 1,700 B. 2,000 C. 2,800 D. 48,0004. Which of the following is NOT the way of saving paper?A. To use both sides of every piece of paper.B. To use the paper bags from shops more than once.C. To use cotton handkerchiefs instead of paper ones.D. To grow more trees.5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?A. If we keep on wasting paper, we will have no paper to use.B. The Chinese used paper money much earlier than the people in western countries.C. About 48,000 trees can be used 2,800 tons of paper. D. It is never too late to plant trees for paper.6. Which is the best title of the passage? A. Saving Paper B. The History of PaperC. Cotton Handkerchiefs Back Again D. Cai Lun ,the Great Inventor1. 本题的答案是C。Marco Polo在中国看到了许多精彩的事情。2. 本题的答案是B。西方国家的人们在15 世纪开始使用纸币。3. 本题的答案是C。每天城市里的人们要扔掉2800吨纸，不能仅看数字就猜测。4. 本题的答案是D。节约纸张的方法有多种，要做出正确的选择，可通过看topic sentence “So how can we save paper?” 来寻找 “NOT the way of saving paper”。5. 本题的答案是D。要做出正确的选择，必须再通读一下原文，找出与文章意思不符的表达，文章中的关键句 “we will not have enough time to grow more trees to take the place of those we use for paper”。6本题的答案是A。要对此题做出正确的选择，必需通读全文，关键句是 “Everyone can help to save paper”。II. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage (选择最恰当的单词或词语，完成短文) ：此题有时称为完形填空，旨在测试学生综合运用语言的能力。解题关键在于把握文章的整体性。学生除了掌握单词的意义、词汇的用法、固定搭配和有关常识外，重点要放在逻辑推理和上下文乃至通篇文章的理解上。主要遵循以下几个步骤：1. 通读全文，领会大意。动笔解题前，先快速浏览全文。从总体上了解文章的主题思想，中心含义和段落之间的逻辑关系。同时要注意文章的开头和结尾以及每段开头。因为这些地方往往能提供主要的情节，有助于了解全文所描述的事情和文章的中心议题，千万不能把注意力集中在空白处，忽略了与全文的关系，看一点，选一个答案。2. 抓住线索，仔细推敲。在了解大意的基础上，再逐句阅读，根据上下文的线索和情景，顺藤摸瓜，反复推敲。答案的确定主要从这几个方面考虑：a、从上下文的角度。往往应选的答案在文章的前面或后面就有了提示。b、从词汇意义、用法及固定搭配的角度。这方面往往是考查的内容之一。要注意词形变化，同义词、近义词、反义词及词语的辨异和固定的搭配。c、从逻辑判断和常识的角度。有时从表面上看，所有的选项都可以。但是从逻辑推理和常识判断来看，答案只有一个。3. 复读全文，核对答案。选好所有的答案后，再把短文重读一遍，进行核查。看文章是否通顺流畅，用词是否恰当，是否符合语法要求和英语表达习惯。对自己平时屡做屡错的地方要特别留心。发现错误，及时纠正。如：Once there lived an old man in a town. He always (1) a lot of things, so his wife had to say to him, “Remember this.”One day he went on a long (2) alone. Before he went out, his wife said, “Now you have all these things. Take care of them.” He went to the station, bought a ticket and got on the train with (3) .About an hour later, the conductor（列车员）came to the old man and said. “Will you please (4) me your ticket?” The old man looked for his ticket in all his pockets, but he couldnt find it. He was (5 ). “I cant find my ticket. I really bought a ticket _(6) I got on the train,” said the old man.“I (7) you bought a ticket. All right. You dont have to buy another one,” said the conductor. But the old man (8) looked worried and said, “You dont know (9). If I cant find my ticket, I dont remember my (10) . Where am I going?”1. A. lostB. remembered C. forgotD. carried2. A. picnicB. walk C. journey D. road3. A. itB. one C. him D. her4. A. showB. give C. bring D. take5. A. sad B. tired C. worried D. angry6. A. asB. before C. as soon as D. after7. A. think B. hope C. dont think D. dont hope8. A. just B. still C. almost D. hardly9. A. what B. how C. why D. that10.A. village B. home C. station D. train1. 该题考查对文章的理解。老人是常忘记什么,而不是“想起了”什么，“丢了”东西。后面的反义词“Remember”也作了暗示，答案为C。2. 这一题也是考查对文章的理解。老人独自一人出去旅行，答案C。3. 根据情节推理，老人是买了票上火车，并把票带在身上。所以A是正确的。4. 从语境和情节上来判断，A最佳，B勉强，C、D不符情理。5. 从语法角度来看，所有答案都可选。但是从情理和下一节中“looked worried”来判断，只能选C。6. 同样，从理解和推理上看，老人是上车前买票。答案为B。7. 从语境、情理以及下文来判断，正确答案应该是A。8. 这一题也是考查对文章细节的理解，与第5题相对应，答案为B。9. 考查疑问代词在宾语从句中的用法。从语法上讲，四项都可选，但从后面一句“If I cant find my ticket” 来判断,答案应该是C。10. 这一题的答案从前面“如果我找不到车票”来判断，答案为C，其余都不对。III. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words (在短文空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词) ：此题的解题方法和题II相似，是考卷中难度最高的试题之一。空格处有时给首字母提示，有时不给。不给首字母提示的试题，对空格处上下文的限制因素更多。对所缺单词的词性判断和大致意思的推断要准确，所填的单词既要符合语法要求，还要和文章的原意一致。如：Weve heard a lot lately about the campaign to “Save the Whale”. Many whales die every year; people kill them to use their oil f_ different products. At the beginning of last century, the whale species nearly died out. Today the number of whales is l_, but people still need to protect the species.You can see whales in the sea in many parts of the world. Now “whale-watching” is a tourist industry in some places. In California there are land trips, boats and cruises to watch grey whales in their natural surroundings. Its become big b_ on many coasts.What do the whales feel about this? Well, they seem to enjoy the attention. The whales swim very close to the boat - s_ too close! The high jets of water that come from the whales often soak the tourist watching; and the whales sometimes bump the boat in a friendly - but d_ way! The whales even put their heads out of water for tourists to pat them!So the whales like humans to watch them as they “breath” - as they lift themselves high in the air and turn over.Its an impressive sight - 40 tons of grey whale! But the whales are so interested in the people who come to see them that they forget their normal ways of life. People are now studying the whales to see i_ their behavior has changed. The U.S. Marine Mammal Commission are trying to find out if the whales have stopped mating. If they have stopped, this could be a serious situation. Perhaps the whales are too interested in watching the tourists, who are watching t_!第1格填for。意为把鲸油用于不同的产品。第2格填large。从上文来看填large似乎不对，但联系下文but转折可知“如今鲸的数量是大的，但是人们仍需保护其种类。”第3格的答案为business。联系上下文可知whale-watching 已成为新兴的产业。第4格填sometimes。从上下文可判断得知。第5格的答案为dangerous。鲸友好地把船顶起，但是危险的。第6格填if。如没i首字母，从上下文看whether也正确。第7格应填them。这一题较难，涉及到定语从句，但根据上文的意思就能找到答案。IV. Complete the following dialogues with proper sentences in the box (选出适当的句子，完成下列对话) ：该题主要考查学生的语言知识和语言技巧在交际中的运用能力。答题和选项是不对等的，解题时要注意以下四点：a.通读全篇对话，掌握大意；b.浏览选项，了解每句话的意思；c.注意选项与空缺处匹配的内在关系。如果在观点、方式、态度、角色上出现不一致或逻辑意义不通，要重新考虑，排除干扰项; d.复读整篇对话，核对答案。如：A. Its nearly seven. B. Ive forgot my watch. C. OK. Im ready. D. The exam is nothing to me. E. Ill have to get my money. F. My mother says that, too. G. One minute, please.A: Come on, Peter! 1 B: Im almost ready.A: Well be late if you dont hurry.B: 2 Im packing my things.A: The teachers wont let us in if we are late.B: 3 A: Come on, then.B: Oh, 4 A: You dont need money when you are having the exam, do you?B: Of course not. OK. Lets goOh, my God. 5 A: Youll forget your head if youre not careful.B: 6 A: I hope youll be more careful in the exam.第1题答案A。因为催Peter动作快点，告诉他时间：Its nearly seven.第2题选G。One minute即 Wait a minute。第3题根据下文Come on, then.可见Peter已准备好，故选C。OK. Im ready.第4题根据下文You dont need money 可见Peter想带钱。答案为E。第5题选B。Oh, My God可见Peter突然又想起忘带什么东西了。第6题答案为F。My mother says that, too 承接上文的Youll forget your headV. Used the suggested question as clues. Write at least 60 words on the topic (根据文字提示，以为题写话，词数不少于60个) ：此题考查学生的表达能力，考题可能是看图写话，词语提示和规定情景，也可能是命题写话。要求所写的短文内容切题、用语准确、句子流畅。写话时应注意以下几点：1仔细审题，紧扣中心，这是写话的首要前提。如果题目是My Class，而你却在写教室的环境，这就完全偏离了中心。同样，你写My Family，就应该写家庭成员的情况，而不是描述家中的摆设。如果是看图写话，你的写作就必须符合图意，否则就偏题失分。2注意条理，表达连贯。无论是写人、记事还是描绘一件物品、一个地方，都应做到句与句之间意思连贯。写话时，应按照时间的先后，或依据前因后果。做到有条理，合乎逻辑，切不可东拉西扯，不得要领。3找准基点，注意时态。写话中最常见的错误之一便是时态。动笔前，首先应考虑所写的是已经过去的事件还是尚未实施的计划；是每天（经常）发生的动作还是客观存在的事实？确定后，还必须注意前后时态的一致，切不可顾此失彼。如写Our School Sports Meeting / A Visit to 之类的题目，既可以用过去时，又可以用将来时；而A Day at School / At the Weekend这样的话题，则还可用一般现在时。常见的看图写话，往往属于“记事”，一般用过去时为好。4变换句型，避免单一。写作过程中，不能只用一种句型。有的学生写人时反复使用同一个be动词：Tom is my good friend. He is from England. He is very tall. He is good at running 写场景时每句都是there be句型。 如： There is a library in our school. There are a lot of books there. There is a big playground, too. There are many trees and flowers around the playground如此句子怎不令人乏味？同样是描述一所学校，请看下列短文：Our school is located in the centre of our city. It was built in 1950. Now there are more than 200 teachers and 2000 students in our school. We have two language labs, three computer rooms and a modern library in our school. The playground is quite big, and there are many trees and flowers around it. We are going to build a new classroom building next year. Our school will become more beautiful then. 这段话的句子形式多样，富于变化，涉及到三种时态（一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时）和to be, there be, to have, to do等多种形式，并且出现了被动语态以及形容词的比较级。只要我们在写话时多动脑筋，注意不犯句型单一的毛病，同样也可以写出这样的语段。5复读全篇，校正错误。话写完后要从头到尾认真复读一遍。注意核对时态、语态、主谓一致、标点符号、字母大小写以及单词的拼写，以减少失分。英语阅读I. Reading comprehension （阅读理解）：(A)Believe it or not, a rain check is not a weather report. A rain check is a small piece of paper. When can you get a rain check? Well, if you are going to a ball game or some other open-air activity and it is called off because of rain or some other reason, you may receive a rain check. With it you may go there again without paying.You may also receive a rain check at a shop. As you know, sometimes when you go to a shop to buy something which is on sale, it is sold out. You may ask the assistant to give you a rain check and with it you can go again next time to buy what you need at the sale price.Heres another way to use this word. If someone invites you to go somewhere, you would like to go very much but cannot, you may say “May I have a rain check?” This means, “I will come next time.” But you can never say “May I take a rain check?” when your teacher gives you some homework.True or False （判断下列句子是否符合短文， 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示）：( ) 1. A rain check is a piece of paper with whether report on it.( ) 2. When a ball game is called off because of rain, we can get a rain check.( ) 3. We can also get a rain check at a shop.( ) 4. We can buy something we need without paying with a rain check.( ) 5. Sometimes a rain check means “I will come next time.”( ) 6. Teachers will be glad to give their students a rain check when they ask them to do some homework.(B)The United States is one of the greatest fruit-growing countries in the world. Fine red apples come from Washington and New York. Golden oranges come from Southern California and Florida. Fruit grows in all parts of America. The kind of fruit that is grown depends on the weather in each place.Orange trees cannot be grown where temperatures drop below freezing. Southern California and Florida are far away from each other, but their weather is much the same. They do not often have freezing temperatures.In Washington, apple trees are planted near the Atlantic Ocean. In New York, they grow near the Great Lakes. Apple trees are often planted near water. Water temperature changes more slowly than land temperature. Near water the temperature does not drop so fast. There is less change of frost（霜冻）in later spring or early autumn. Frost can kill apples.America has many kinds of weather. It has many kinds of soil. Because of this, we grow and eat more fruit than any other country in the world.Choose the best answer （根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案）：( ) 1. Near water, the temperature changes _.A. fasterB. slowerC. not at allD. the same as elsewhere( ) 2. The story does not say this, but from what we have read, we can tell that_.A. most fruits grow anywhere in the United StatesB. freezing temperatures are good for fruitC. the same fruit can be grown in different placesD. fruits can only be grown near water( ) 3. How fast does water temperature change?A. Water temperature does not change so fast as land temperature does.B. Water and land temperatures change almost at the same speed. C. Water temperature changes faster than land temperature.D. Water temperature seldom changes.( ) 4. Which of the following is not true?A. There is less change of frost in later spring or early autumn in Washington.B. Orange trees must be grown where temperatures are above freezing.C. In winter California and Florida have few freezing temperatures.D. Americans eat more fruit because of the weather.( ) 5. The main idea of the whole story is that _.A. orange trees usually grow where it is cold B. different fruits grow in different weatherC. the cold cannot kill oranges and apples D. apple trees cannot live through cold winter( ) 6. Which of the following does this story lead you to believe?A. The fruit we buy comes from many places in the country.B. Orange trees are often planted near water.C. The soil is about the same in all the states of the country.D. Frost is good for growing apple trees.(C)Today more than 20% of land is desert, but this is growing. There is a picture, for example, from a cave in Algeria. It shows cows and people. The area was very green, and plants and grass grew there. Many types of animals lived there. The picture is more than three thousand years old. Today, the cave is in a desert. Why are the deserts growing? There are three main reasons.One reason is climate(气候) change. The climate changed and rain did not come every year. The sun was very hot and all the water in the land disappeared(消失).Another reason is animals. For hundreds of years, people who lived near deserts kept goats. Goats like eating plants. If they eat the plants, there arent any plants to stop the wind. When the wind blows, it blows all the good soil away. Soon, there isnt any good soil and it is very difficult for plants to grow.A third reason is people. People cut down trees, and trees stop the wind. Also, in some countries, people wanted to make electricity. They changed the direction of the rivers and they built dams(堤坝). This changed the direction of the water underground in other countries.In places this is a very big problem. In the Shale in Africa, thousands of people died between 1968 and 1974 because there was no water. We have to be very careful about what we do to nature.Answer the questions （根据短文内容回答下列问题，每题所填内容不超过五个单词）：1. How much of land today is not desert?_.2. When was the picture drawn?It was drawn_ ago.3. Why did the water in land disappear?Because the climate changed, the sun_ and the rain _every year. 4. What can stop the wind and keep the good soil not to be blown away?_.5. What do we have to be careful about?_.6. What are the three main reasons for the growth (增长) of deserts?_.II. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage （选择最恰当的单词或词语，完成短文）：The word “Hello” is perhaps used more often than any other one in the English language. Everybody in the U.S. uses this word every day and everywhere. The