迈成教育专转本英语语法部分课件.doc

倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。1、 全部倒装1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。There stands a stone bridge across the river.There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcers voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。3、以 here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。但：Away they went.5、在表达祝愿的句子里：Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友谊万岁！May you succeed! 祝你成功！6、在强调表语时Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。二、部分倒装1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中He didnt fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。Ive had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner . than , in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case，采用部分倒装。Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。4、句首状语由 only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。5、在强调宾语时Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。情态动词英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。一、一般情态动词情态动词的完成式：情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldnt加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。例如：You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。例如：You indent have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today. 你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。三、典型结构They must be in the library, arent they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？They must have gone to the library, havent they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？They must have been to the library yesterday, didnt they?他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？Dont move, will you? 请你别动！Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？Lets go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？He used to live in the countryside, didnt /usednt he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？主谓一致的用法语法形式一致；概念一致（语言内容上一致）；毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。根据代词应该在人称等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。一、语法形式一致1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子做主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或bothand连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句做主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。Whether well go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的。The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视。3、有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中做主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。4、当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。5、当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构做主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. 为语音课提前准备了一系列录音磁带。6、由one and a half + 复数名词或the majority of + 名词做主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏品都容易修理。7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词做主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如：There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里还有好多水。There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多鸡蛋。8、由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词做主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。9、如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。10、定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.被选出来代表该组的人他是其中之一。“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. “镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。二、概念一致（语言内容上一致）1、有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们做主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：His family is going to move. 他准备搬家。His family are very well. 他家人身体都好。2、有些表示总体意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：The police are searching for a tall dark man with a be