定语从句终极版.doc

The Attributive Clause定语从句 什么是定语从句. 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句. 什么是先行词. 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词. 什么是关系词,有哪些关系词,他们有什么作用. 关系词: 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。 关系代词: 关系副词: 位置: 处于先行词和定语从句之间 作用: 1) 连接 主句与从句 2) 指代先行词3) 在从句中充当某种句子成分The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister. 主句: 定语从句: 先行词: 关系词: 关系词指代: 关系词在定语从句中的成分 用法: 先行词为人时，关系代词用who/that作主语: The girl _is drawing is Jims sister. 用whom/that作宾语(who可用于口语中)可省略: The boy _we talked about will come. 用whose作定语: The worker _arm was broken was sent to hospital. 先行词为物时，关系代词用which/that作主语: A plane is a machine _can fly. 关系代词用which/that作宾语,可省略: The car _he bought was a second-hand one. 用whose定语: The river _banks are covered with trees is very long. 关系代词指人指物subject(主语)object(宾语)Attribute（定语）thatwhichwhowhomwhose注意：1）关系词在定语从句中充当某种句子成分。2）关系代词作宾语时可以省略Exercise:1.The man _ came to our school is Mr. Wang.2.The girl _ I met is Lucy. 3.A child _ parents are dead is called Tom4.I like the book _ you bought yesterday. 5. We shall never forget the days _we spent together. 6. I have a room _window faces south.一、that和which用法的区别1、先行词指物时，只用that不用which的情况(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has something _ you can borrow.Do you have anything _ you dont understand?(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。Ive read all the books _ you lend me. Please send us any information _ you have about the subject.(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the first book _ he has read.It is the most beautiful city _ Ive ever seen.(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。This is the very book _ belongs to him.(5)先行词既有人又有物时。The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast are popular to the students.(6)先行词是who或which引导的主句。 Who is the girl _ drove the car? 2、只用which不用that的情况(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。 There are many trees _ they can have a rest.This is the ring _ she spent 1000 dollars.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。 ( ，隔开) Football, _ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.that与which区别的顺口溜:that which可互换，下列情况务照办that情况比较多， 不妨对你说一说不定代词这路货， 全用that准没错先行词前被限制， 千万不要用 which要用which别着急， 介词提前逗隔离二、只用who的情况先行词是one, ones, anyone, those指人时用who.One _ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.The ones _ laugh at the disabled are not good students.Anyone _ fails to finish the task should be punished.Those _ want to go to The Great Wall sigh up here.三. the+名词+of which（先行词指物）/whom（先行词指人）与whose的转换。 of which/whom还可以提到the +名词的前面1) Im painting a house, the roof _ is round.= Im painting a house _ is round.2) They live in a house, _ windows face south.= They live in a house, the windows _ face south. 四. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词后面的宾语时,有时可把介词提到关系代词的前面，但这时如果先行词是人，要用“介词+whom”引导定语从句；如果先行词是物，要用“介词+which”引导定语从句。且关系代词都不能省略。Eg: The girl _I borrowed the bike from is my friend.= The girl _ I borrowed the bike is my friend.Exercises:1.The doctor _ _ he is waiting is Mr. Li.2.The classmate _ _we learned was Li Ping.3.I want to know the scientist _ _weve learned French.4.How is the film _ _ I often talked to you?5.Is this the room _ _ Mr. Smith lives?6.A zoo is a park _ _ many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.注意：一些固定的含有介词的短语动词在定语从句中不能拆开，即不能把介词放关系词前。1.This is the bag which he is looking for .2.The old lady whom she is looking after is her teacher.介词+关系代词的情况 1.Do you like the book she spent $10? 2.Do you like the book she paid $10?3.Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4.Do you like the book she often talks? 5.He built a telescope he could study the skies.6.China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River.7. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.8. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.9. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.注意：介词关系代词引导的定语从句,关键是判断介词的选择,方法一是看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配),再则可以通过整个句子整体含义来判断,结合生活实际来判断.Exercises:1. He did all / everything _he could to help me.2. This is the very thing _ I am after.3. We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at school.4. He is the only man _ can do the work.5. This is the first thing _ I want to say.6. He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7. Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8. Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth.9. Is there anything else _ you want to say?10. Any person _ has the money can join the group.11. He often speaks highly of the role he played in the play, _ made others upset.12. He opened the door, in front of _ sat a boy.13. The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.14. The boy _ mother is dead was brought up by his father.关系副词引导的定语从句 在定语从句中，当表示时间、地点、原因的名词作先行词时，且先行词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词when, where, why.关系副词when，where, why经常可以用“prep+which”结构来代替。prep取决于句子本身的搭配.先行词关系副词时间when=in/at/on/during which地点where=in/ at/on which原因why=for which1.当先行词是表示时间的名词（year, month, day, night),关系词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导。也可用“介词which”.1.Ill never forget the day when(= ) he left.2. He came at a time when (= ) we needed.3.Ill never forget the days when(= )we worked together.2.当先行词是表示地点的名词( country, school, room),关系词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用 where引导,也可用“介词which”. The room where( = ) he used to live was very big.The desk where (= )I put my bag is his.3.当先行词是表示原因的名词( reason),关系词在定语从句中充当 原因状语，一般用 why引导,也可用“for which”.1.There is no reason why(= for which ) he should refuse.2.The reason why(= for which) he laughed was that Tom looked very funny.注：若表示时间、地点、原因的先行词在定语从句中作状语，应使用关系副词引导定语从句；若先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语应用关系代词引导定语从句。A.1) Ill never forget the day_ I spent with my teacher.2) Ill never forget the day_ I joined the Party.B.1)Its the house _was built two years ago.2)Its the house _ I was born.C.1)This is the reason _ she gave me for doing it.2) The reason _ he came late is the bus.当先行词是表示 方式的名词way关系词在定语从句中充当方式状语，一般用 “ in which / that / x” 引导.Eg:He sees things in this way that(=in which)we see them.I dont like the way in which you laugh at her. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或不合逻辑。这种定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号隔开。e.g. The man who came here yesterday has come again. 非限制性定语从句和先行词关系松散，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。这种定语从句和主句之间须用逗号隔开。e.g. 1). Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was murdered on April 14, 1865.2). He lives in another town, which is only about an hours ride from here.3). Soon they arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.4). They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that,指人时用who(主语), whom(宾语),指物时须用which.而且不能省略。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略B可用thatC可用who 代替whomA不可省略B不用thatC不可用who 代替whomwhich 引导的定语从句有时也可以指代前面的句子或句子的一部分1. He didnt come , which annoyed Mary.2. The singer will give performances in this city , which made the young people excited.3. He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.as 引导的定语从句1.as引导定语从句时可以充当主语，宾语和表语；且经常和such, so, the same等词搭配使用；及当先行词中有such, so, the same等词修饰时，关系代词通常必须用as。如：1. Ive never heard such stories as he tells。2. Have you brought the same book as I referred to yesterday? 3. I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.比较:This is so difficult a question that no one can work it out.注意:先行词中有the same修饰时，定语从句也可用that引导，但意思上有区别，the sameas表示与此相同一类的,the samethat表示的是同一个。例如:1).This is the same book as I lost.2).This is the same book that I lost.2. as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个句子或一件事，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“正如，就像，据”；从句位置可置于句首，句中，或句尾。一般用逗号和主句隔开。而且是非限定性定语从句1. As is known to all，great changes have taken place in China.2. Great changes, as is known to all, have taken place in China. 3. Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 . as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe. as引导非限制性定语从句 as常常有“正如、正像”的含义常见于As is often the case, As we all know/ As is known to us all As we all see, As we expected, As is mentioned above, As is reported, As is announced, As is concerned,如：As is known to all，China is a developing country He is from the south，as we can know from his accentExercise1)_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.(2004江苏）A. Which B. When C. What D. As2 _is known to everybody, the moon travels the earth once every month.(2001全国) A. it B. As C. That D. What3)（2005浙江卷） _ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. AWhen BAfter CAs DSince4)_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京)A. It B. As C. That D. What5) _is mentioned above，the number of the students in senior schools is increasingAWhich BAs CThat D. 6) His movie won several awards at the film festival, _ was beyond his wildest dream.（2007上海）Awhich Bthat Cwhere DIt7). Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him . （2004天津）A. who B. that C. what D. which8)Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy.（2000）Awho Bwhich Cthis DWhat2. as引导限制性定语从句当先行词由so, such，as, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。 如 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 so,suchas与so,suchthat 从句的区别。 This is such a difficult problem that none of us can work it out. (结果状从) This is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. （定从）Exercise:1.Dont talk about such things _ you dont understand.2.Let children read such books _ will make them better and wiser.3.Were facing the same problems _we did years ago.4.It is as pleasant a film _ I have ever seen.5.Here is so big a stone _ no one can lift.6.This is the same village_ it used to be.7.These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. (2000上海春季) A. like B. as C. that D. which3定语从句中谓语动词数的形式由先行词的数决定 如：(1)I，who am your good friend，will try my best to help you out (2)He was the only one of the students who was praised. (3)He was one of the students who were praised1) I, who _a teacher of English, should be strict with the students.2) He who _ not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3) Tom is one of the boys who _ praised at the meeting yesterday.4) She is the only one of the women scientists who _won the Nobel prize for physics.4以the way为先行词的限制性定语从旬 通常由in which或that引导或不填 如： The way(thatin which)he answered the questions was surprising5. 找先行词。确定为定语从句后，先找先行词，这一步骤被许多学生忽视，造成不必要的失分。(还原法-疑问语序调整为陈述语序)Is this museum _ you visited yesterday?Is this the museum _ you visited yesterday?A. that B. at which C. the one D. oneExercise1.Is the river _ through the town very long? A. flows B. that flows C. which flow D. the one which flows 2.Is this college _ they went to last year? A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 3. Is this the university _ you visited last time? A. that one B. which C. the one D. the one what 定从专项练习（一）第一组1. This is all _I know about the matter. A. that B. what C. who D. whether2. Is there anything else _ you require? A. which B. that C. who D. what3. The last place _we visited was the Great Wall. A. which B. that C. where D. it4. He talked happily about the men and books_ interested him greatly in the school. A. which B. that C. it D. whom5. There is no dictionary _ you can find everything. A. that B. which C. where D. in that6. This is one of the best books_. A. that have ever been written C. that has written B. that has ever been written D. that have written7. He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything_ he saw on the way to the Paris. A. what B. that C. which D. where8. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn? A. that B. / C. which D. it9. Is there anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. which belongs D. that belong10.The scientist and his achievements _ you told me about are admired by us all. A. which B. that C. who D. whose11.Which of the books _were borrowed from him is the best? A. which B. what C. that D. whose结论:先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时,通常 关系代词that1)先行词是all, no none, everyone, something, much, little等2)先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级,the last, the same, the only等.3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时.4)若主句中有疑问代词who, which 为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用who, which.第二组1.Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well? A. in front of it B. in front of whoseC. in front of which D. in front which2.Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League. A. on which B. in which C. which D. at which3. The woman _ my brother spoke just now is my teacher. A. who B. to whom C. to who D whom4. Jeanne was her old friend, _ she borrowed a necklace. A. from who B. from whom C. to that D. to whom5. His glasses, _he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke its leg. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that6. she is a teacher of much knowledge, _much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom7. He built a telescope _ he could study the skies. A. in which B. with that C. through which D. by it8. Do you know the reason _ he was late? A. that B. which C. for what D. for which9. I have bought two ballpens, _writes well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. none of them D. neither of them10. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed in 1945. A. during which B. in that C. where D. on which11. China has many rivers, _the Changjiang River is the longest. A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which12.This is the very knife _ I used to cut apples yesterday. A. that B. by which C. which D. with which填出适当的介词。13. The speed _ which you drive your car mustnt too high.14. In the park there are many flowers, the colour _ which is bright and nice.15.The little girl is reading a book, _which there are many pictures.16. What were the things _ which he was not too sure?17. They held a meeting , _ which the hospital director made a speech.18. The book, _ which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.19. Is this the man _ whose house the police found the lost coloured TV?20. The villagers dug along tunnel _ which they could go to the fields withoutbeing found by the Japanese soldiers.21.Wu Dong, _ whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.22.The stories about Long March, _ which this is one example, are well written. 结论: 介词关系代词引导的定语从句,关键是判断介词的选择,方法一是看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配),再则可以通过整个句子整体含义来判断,结合生活实际来判断.第三组1. _was natural, he married Jenny. A. Which B. That C. This D. As2. Such signs _ we use in the experiment_ Greek letters. A. as , are B. as, is C. that, are D. that, is3. I passed him a large glass of whisky,_ he drank immediately . A. that B. as C. which D. who4. She is very good at dance, _everybody knows. A. that B. which C. who D. as5. It was raining, _ was a pity. A. what B. that C.