IBT托福写作部分常用句型词组.doc

TOEFL写作整理首段写法：1 背景句：（1）定义法句型：适用于物做主题的句型。 Topic, a/an+同位语（表本质）+定语从句，has become/ been popular/ indispensable/ essential/ crucial in peoples daily life(in every corner of peoples life). (has aroused/ attached much attention/ popularity) (2) 背景法：适用于各种句型。 a. It is generally/ commonly/ universally acknowledged that+主题+has become/played an important/ significant/ essential/ indispensable role/ part in every corner of peoples daily life. b. Nowadays, it is fiercely/ popularly/ commonly/ widely/ universally debated/ disputed/ discussed/ controversial/ debatable/ disputable/+about that+主题。 c .伴随状语：With the considerable dramatic development/ advancement/ progress/ improvement/ promotion of/ in+(科学、教育、经济、社会、安全)，an increasing/ growing/ rising number/ amount of+主题+has/ have aroused/ attached public concern. d.倒装句：Recently/ presently/ currently, there is a popular debate/ argument/ dispute,/ controversy/ discussion about that/whether+从句 e.被动句：Contemporarily/ in recent years, a great emphasis/ concern/ attention has been placed/ put on/ to+主题。2. 过渡句：原则：改写题目观点。 方法：1.换词：同义词替代、词性转换。 2.换句型：主被动转换、强调句型、倒装句型。 常用句型：1. There is a perception/ perspective considering that 2. Some people claim/ suggest/ indicate/ present that,while others argue/ proclaim/ advocate that 3. Some people put/ hold that,while a counter-argument presents that/while others object to/ reject it.3. 主题句：表明立场：支持、反对、让步。 pros：（1）I completely/ extremely agree that （2）I am convinced that （3）I subscribe to the notion that （4）I concede to the opinion that （5）It is possible for me to accept that （6）It is obvious/ conspicuous/ apparent/ prominent/ reasonable that （7）There is much evidence to show that （8）There is a considerable possibility to support that cons：（1）I firmly/ totally disagreed that （2）I am unconvinced/ not convinced that（3）Its difficult/ impossible for me to accept that（4）Its unbelievable/ inconceivable/ incredible that（5）Its unjustifiable/ unreasonable to say that（6）There is little/ no evidence to show/ support/ that（7）There is a slight possibility/ like hood/ probability that 让步立场：（1）Althoughhave/ has certain positive effects into，the negative impacts in appears more prominent/ influential/ conspicuous.（2）Althoughhave/ has certain positive effects into，the negative impacts in can never/ by no means / on no account be ignored/ neglected.（3）Althoughhave/ has certain positive effects into，by no means/ on no account/can the negative impacts in be ignored/ neglected.（4）Althoughhave/ has certain positive effects into，its negative impacts inhave/ has/ receive/ arouse the priority.中间段写法：结构：a. Main idea.(one sentence only)b. supporting sentences(34 sentences)Main ideas:支持立场：正+正+正 反对立场：反+反+反 让步立场：正+反+反 Main idea 1: It can be noted that It is quite normal/usual/possible/common that It is not unbelievable/incredible/inconceivable that It is undoubted that/undeniable/indisputable that It is universally acknowledged that It is obvious/apparent/prominent/identifiable/conspicuous thatMain idea 2: Meanwhile, there is no doubt that(Positive) Additionally, there is no denying the fact that In addition, there is much evidence to show/indicate/support that Furthermore, there is a considerable possibility/like hood/probability that Another significant factor to support/highlightis thatMain idea 3: Despite its importance/significance, I tend to concede that(Negative) On the negative side, we must admit/accept that By contrast, it has been agreed / admitted that In comparison, we have to recognize the fact that However, the strongest argument againstis that On the contrary, it cant be neglected / ignored thatSupporting ideas: Explaining解释法 Extending推理法 Exemplifying 举例论证法 Contrasting 正反对比论证法 Sorting 分类论证法1. 解释法：即解释中心句的具体含义：what/how/why 常用词：Precisely/specifically更精确的说 That is to say, By this I mean that In other words, To be more precise, Here I am referring to the fact that2. 推理法：即假如之上条件成立，会得出什么样的结果 常用词：In this case/sense, If this is the case, Indeed/in fact/actually/in actual fact Naturally/apparently/obviously/prominently/remarkably/identificably， Generally/definitely/undoubtedly, Under the circumstance of With the importance/appearance/positive effect/impacts/influences of3. 举例论证法：即用具体的人或事来证明这一理论或观点。 常用词：Such as/just like/just as/namely/including/especially/particularly/ Peculiarly+短语（n.） For example/instance, takeas an example/illustration+句子 A typical/standard/reasonable/identifiable example of this is that举例不宜情况：不要列举数据，除非表明出处数据应模糊化。 不要写自己或朋友的生活经历个人改为整体、 中国式的例子（古代名人、事迹或现象）个别现象应该为普遍现象。总结：举例要有概括性，不能太具体。4. 正反对比论证法：即把中心句分成正反两方面对比论证。 常用词：In comparison, by/I n contrast On the contrary, on the other hand/side On the counter part, however/nevertheless/contrarily5. 分类法：即将论点按一定标准分类说明。 常用词：首先：initially/on the one hand/first of all/in the first place/to begin with 其次：subsequently/on the other hand/in addition/for another thing/following this 再次：besides/additionally/moreover/furthermore结论段：原则： 总结主体部分main ideas: 1.重申立场 2.提出建议或解决办法 3.让步法总结分支观点4.不要加入新观点结尾常用连贯词：In conclusion/summary/brief/short/general/a word To conclude/sum up/summarize Briefly/consequently/finally/ultimately/overall重申法句型：1. To sum up, from what has been discussed/analyzed above, we may safely draw(reach/come to/arrive at), the conclusion that In summary, taking into account all these factors, Consequently, judging from all evidence offered, 2. In brief, all the evidence (analyze) supports (justifies/confirms/warrants/points to) an unshakable/unmistakable conclusion that建议法句型：1. It is high time thatplaced(put/attached) great(specia