情态动词的用法二.doc

英语语法English Pizza Land 表三：表示“可能”的情态动词的用法 用法usage情态动词 auxiliary possibility and prediction可能，预测 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 其它 may/might 表示事实上的可能, 某事可能要发生或某时可能正在发生。 It may rain tomorrow. 明天可能下雨。 (Im told by the radio.) might 可能是逻辑上或事实上的可能。它表示的可能性比may小一些。 What you said might be true. 你说的可能对。 may 强调逻辑上的可能。 can 强调事实上的可能。 He looks pale. He may be ill.他脸色苍白，可能有病。 He is in poor health. He can be ill at any time.他体质很差，任何时候都有可能生病。 一般用于肯定和否定陈述句，用于否定时否定动词。Might 语气弱，可用于疑问句。 He may not be at home.他可能不在家。 The news may, or may not, be true. 这个消息可能是，也可能不是真实的。 Might可用于条件句。 If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat. 要是你锻炼锻炼，可能不会这样胖。 重读“May”表示可能。 He may not go tomorrow. 重读“not 表示“允许”。 He may not go tomorrow can/could 表示逻辑上或理论上的可能性，而不是某种实际上将要发生或正在发生的可能性。 Can it be true? 这会是真的吗？ Anybody can make mistake.任何人都可能犯错误。 The weather here could be very cold in winter. 冬天这的天气有时很冷。 一般用于否定句和疑问句。 He cant be at home.他不可能在家。 注意和May not 的区别。 He may not be at home. 他可能不在家。 也可以用于肯定句。， An accident can happen if you do this. 如果你这样做，可能会发生事故。 表示有可能存在或发生，不表示某事实际发生的可能 It can rain this evening. (误) must 1)表示说话人的猜测。对某事有把握，因为从逻辑上是必然的。 This must be the book you want. 这肯定是你要的那本书。 2)表示根据逻辑必须发生的事。 All men must die. 人都是要死的。 一般用于肯定句。 There must be a mistake. 肯定有错误。 可用于否定一般疑问句。 Mustnt there be another reason for his behavior? 他的行为肯定没有另外的原因吗？ will/would 1)表示说话人对将来和现在的预测。对现在的预测认为肯定会发生。 I think he will be all right now. 我想他现在一定好了。 That would be his mother. 那肯定是他母亲。 2)有时表示某种倾向和习惯性。 Oil will float on water. 油浮在水面上。 Hell talk for hours if you give the chance. 如果给他机会，他会谈上几个小时。 On the magnetic equator the needle would remain horizontal. 在磁赤道上磁针会保持水平。 would 可表示过去常常。 He would get up very early. 过去他常常起的很早。 ought to 它比must语气弱，但婉转。 They ought to be there by now. 他们现在一定到那了 一般用于肯定和否定句 shall/should 表示说话人的猜测，估计应该 I shall be rich one day. 总有天我会发财的。 That should be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上楼的准是珍妮特。 多用于第一人称。 To the top(回页首) 表四：表示“应该”的情态动词的用法 用法usage 情态动词 auxiliary 应该，必须（义务）duty and obligation 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 回答 其它 must 表示说话人的意志和义务。或要求对方必须作某事。 You must be there on time. 你务必要按时到达那里。 We must obey orders. 我们必须服从命令。 have (has) to表示客观上的需要，来自“外界”的义务。用于肯定和否定 It is time for the meeting. I have to go now. 到开会得时间了，我现在得走了。 You dont have to hurry. 你不必这么匆忙。 用于肯定句， You must come early next time. 你下次必须早来。 疑问句用于征求说话人的意见。 Must I come early tomorrow? 明天我必须早来吗？ 用neednt 或dont have to may/might may 用于法律和条约，相当于shall。用的较少。 Payment may be paid by check. 应用支票付款。 Might用来对人们提出建议，该干什么或应该干什么。也可以用来提出批评。 You might ask before you borrow my car. 你应该先问问我在借我的车子。 Shall/should shall在条约，规章和法令等文件中，表示义务和规定。 Each player shall wear a number. 每个运动员必须带上号。 should 表示主语的职责和义务或说话人的劝告。强调主观上。不象must那么独断专横。 You shouldnt judge a man always by the clothes. 你不应该总是以貌取人。 用于陈述第一，二人称。 The new regulation shall take effect on Oct. 1st. 新章程十月一实施。 Ought to should 和ought to的含义大致相同，ought to 强调在客观上（法律，章程和道义） 比should语气强。 You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow.明天你应该去看玛丽。 You ought to have an operation at once. 你应该马上去动手术。 always, never, really 可以放在ought 前面和后面。前面比较常见。 You always ought to carry some spare money. To the top(回页首) 表五：表示意图的情态动词的用法 用法usage 情态动词 auxiliary 意图，打算intention 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 其它 will/would 用于表示“意图”，主要用于第一人称，will 不重读，可用缩写的形式。 Ill write as soon as I can. 我会尽快写信。 Will you accept his offer? 你愿意接受他的报价吗？ 用于条件句，用于各种人称 Who will go with me? 谁愿意和我去？ We wont stay there too long. 我们不愿在那多呆的太久。 shall/should 用于说话人的意图。同will 可以互换。 We shant/wont go if it rains. 如果下雨，我们不打算走了。 只能用于第一人称， I shant stay here long. 我不打算在这呆很长时间。 表六：表示意愿的情态动词的用法 用法usage 情态动词 auxiliary 意愿 willingness 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 其它 will/would 表示主语的意愿。 He will help you if you ask him. 如果你问他，他会帮助你的。 Would 比will语气更婉转。 Would/Will you have another cup of tea? 你想再来一杯茶吗？ 肯定句用于各种人称，用于二，三人称疑问句表示询问别人是否愿意做谋事，可用于条件句中。 Will you have some tea. 你想喝茶吗？ If he will he can come. 如果他愿意，他可以来。 Would you excuse me? (婉转) 你能原谅我吗？ 肯定回答，一般 of course.。 Shall/should 表示说话人的意愿。 He shall get his money. 愿意他拿到他的钱。 You should stay here as long as you like.只要你乐意，愿意你呆在这。 一般用于肯定句，用于第二，三人称。 在疑问句中，表示征询听话人是否愿意。 Shall you do some shopping with me? 你愿意和我一起买东西去吗？ To the top(回页首) 表七；表示意志的情态动词的用法 用法usage 情态动词 auxiliary 决心 insistence and determination 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 其它 will/would 表示主语的意志。不能用缩写的形式。应重读。 I will stop smoking. 我决心戒烟了。 He will do it whenever you say. 你什么时候说，他一定会做的。 Its your own fault. You would take the baby with you. 是你自己的过错，你非要带着孩子。 用于第二，三人称，表示对别人生气。可用于条件句。 I will have my own way. 我要走自己的路。 He wont do what hes told. 他不会做别人让他干的事。 Will you come this way, please. 你这边走不行吗？ If you will go，you may go at once. 如果你非走不可，你可以马上走。 Shall/should 表示说话人的意志和决心。shall 要重读。 You shall marry him. 我坚持你应和他结婚。 No one shall stop me. 不许任何人阻止我。 只用于第二，三人称肯定句。 You shall obey orders. 我要你服从命令。 The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人过去。 To the top(回页首) 表八：表示能力的情态动词的用法 用法usage 情态动词 auxiliary 能力ability and capacity 意义及用法 用于句式和人称 回答形式 其它 can/could 表示人或动物的内在能力。有某种知识或者技能而能够做某事。有时可以和be able to互换。 He hurt his foot and couldnt (wasnt able to) play football. 他脚受了伤，所以他不能踢足球了。 be able to暗指做成了某一事情。（manage to） Because he worked hard, he was able to pass his examination. 因为他努力工作，所以他能及格。 用于肯定，否定和疑问句。 He can speak several languages. 他会说好几国语言。 To the top(回页首) 时态比较 赵宝斌 编辑整理 在英语中, 时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面笔者通过几种时态比较, 帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。 现在一般时与现在完成时 现在一般时与现在进行时 现在完成时与过去一般时 过去完成时与过去一般时 过去进行时与过去一般时 将来一般时与现在进行时 现在一般时与过去一般式 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在一般时与过去完成时 1. 现在一般时与现在完成时 1) I come from Shanghai(上海人） I have come from Shanghai（从上海来） 2) You read very well. (强调能力） Youve read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作） 3) I forget.(一时想不起来了） I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了） 4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态） The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成） 5) Every time I see him, hes been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, hes been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行） 6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间） 7) He wont come till the play begins. (演出开始时） He wont come till the play has begun.（戏已开始） 8) After I leave school, Ill go to college. （两个动作紧密相接） After I have left school, Ill go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔） 9) It is a long time since I saw you last. Its been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语） 10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪） 2. 现在一般时与现在进行时 1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在） 2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么） 3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰） The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景） 4) I forget him name. Im forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了） 5) You dont eat much. (强调胃口不大） Youre not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀） 6) The match starts at 7 oclock. (比较固定，不宜改变） The match is starting at 7 oclock.（可以改变） 7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备） 8)Tom goes to college now. Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动） 9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你） Im telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩） 10) He always sleeps in the afternoon. He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了） 11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令） Im expecting you to phone me.（婉转） 12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满） 12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） Im finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到） 13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实) Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵) 14) He always thinks of others. Hes always thinking of others.(表示赞扬) 15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行) 16) I hope youll give us some advice. Im hoping youll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转) 17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了) 18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐) We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始) 3. 现在完成时与过去一般时 1) Ive seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里) I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了) 2) Whos opened the window? (窗户还在开着) Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上) 3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌) Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家) 4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗) Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。) 5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气） What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。） 6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果） How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式） 7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约） He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了） 8) He has been called a thinker. He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家） 9) Youve heard what I said. (你听见我的话了） You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。） 10) Ive lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了） 11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪） He was already there.（当时在哪） 12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了） 13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了） Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意） 4. 过去完成时与过去一般时 1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔) I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念) 2) I waited till I saw him. I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍) 3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来) We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的) 4) I dont think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次) I dont think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了) 5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵) Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵) 6) Jim said he didnt know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didnt know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过) 7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友) They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了) 8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间) He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完) 9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了) I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了) 10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下) When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下) 11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确) I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完) 12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人) I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时) 5. 过去进行时与过去一般时 1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完) I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完) 2) The guests arrived.(客人已到) The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达) 3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒) He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒) 4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死) 5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了) John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情) 6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服) They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说) 7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实) The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停) 8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了) 9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性) He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性) 6. 将来一般时与现在进行时 1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近) 2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿) How long will you stay here?(表示打算) 3) Shell have a baby. (表示肯定) Shes going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划) 4) Ill see him this evening.(表示意愿) Im seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排) 7. 现在一般时与过去一般式 1) Do you wish to see me? Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气) 2) Thats all I have to say.(我的话就这些) Thats all I had to say.(我要说的就这些) 3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中) How did you like the film?(看完电影后) 4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说) It was so nice to see you.(离别时说) 5) I never like him. (没时间性) I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过) 6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时) I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误) 7) Who is that? (哪人还在) Who was that?(人已不在场了) 8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕) This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的) 8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时 1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话) Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话) 2) Ive read the novel.(已读完) Ive been reading the novel.(还没读完) 3) He has lived here for six weeks. e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化) 4) Have you met her lately? Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面) 5) Whos eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了) Whos been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满) 9.现在一般时与过去完成时 1) I hope that hell come. I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反) (经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose) To the top(回页首) 现在完成时 赵宝斌 现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。 1现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。 2强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生