名词英语分类汇编.doc

英语分类汇编-名词u 名词在高考中的考查重点：一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现, 绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析, 名词和表示数量词结合的考查, 以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占有一席之地。解题方法：1. 熟记近义名词的辨析2. 熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等3. 掌握名词的抽象化和具体化4. 掌握名词的所有格5. 注意(复合)名词作定语时可单可复6. 熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用名词一、名词的分类(一)专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,如Beijing，China；普通名词构成的专有名词前面需要加the, 如the United Nations, the Pacific Ocean, the Spring Festival (二)普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，water等。抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)物质名词(Material Nouns)普通名词(Common Nouns)集体名词(Collective Nouns) (Individual Nouns) 可数名词(Countable Nouns)个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。1. 个体名词: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. 集体名词: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg: His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang(犯罪团伙) is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3物质名词: 指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: water; cake; cloth; cotton; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil; oil; coffee一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。A个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪) waters(海域)foods(多种食物), vegetables(各种各样的蔬菜),fishes(多种鱼),steels(多种钢),teas(多种茶),fruits(各种各样的水果)cloth （布） custom（习惯） good（利益）clothes （衣服） customs （海关） goods（货物）time（时间） wood （木材） content（内容）times（时代，次数，倍数） woods（树林）contents（目录）4.抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.二、名词的数：1.不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。Eg：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。2.可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：(1)规则变化:情况加法例词一般情况加-sbrothers; schools以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-esbuses; watches; dishes以辅音y结尾的词去y加-iesladies; countries以元音+y结尾的词加-sBoys; ways ;toys; plays以o结尾的词有生命的词，加-esPotatoes; tomatoes; heroes无生命的词，加-sPhotos; pianos; zoos以f或fe结尾的词把f/fe改成veshalves; leaves; thieves注意：1. stomach - stomachs2:以f/ef尾只加-s的词：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; beliefs; chiefs,briefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。(2)不规则变化：变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crisescriterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species;以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) thanks; clothes; goods; people; cattle“某国人”的复数形式：单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,变man为men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans 复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者）3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers注：boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人/物)danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事/人)failure(失败)a failure(一件失败的事/人) honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的/或事)pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事)success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人)surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事)worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事)experience(经验)an experience(一次经历)service(服务)a service(一个服务机构)英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称)a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称)a job(一件工作) work(工作)a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声)a permit(许可证) permission(允许)a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称)a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李)a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包)a hair(一根头发) hair(头发)a jewel(一颗宝石) jewellery（珠宝）几个名词的特殊用1. hairHis hair is white.（他的头发是白的。）He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发。）2. fruitThe fruit is sweet.He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。三、名词的格、所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。所有格的形式：1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s：Marys book2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加：Teachers Day, the students reading-room3. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photo， the editor-in-chiefs opinion4. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加s, 如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers5. 在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors6. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格：todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations the earths surface a dollars worth7. 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroomDo you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?8.在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Marys.10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 历届高考题1.Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence2.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection3. Anyway, I cant cheat himits against all my _.A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions4. Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens . A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance5. “Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in her voice.A . anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic6. Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big_, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition7. When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of8. Whats the_, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point9. Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship10. Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin general Con purpose Don time11. I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure12.Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity13. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter14. James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position15. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization16. This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle17. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture.18. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. function19. China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge20. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any_ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration21. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building.A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character22. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up.A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure23. The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms K5u24. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A. draw B. strikeC. rush D. push25.-He says that my new car is a _ of money.-Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste26.Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation27. Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure28. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _ to the digital resources of the library.A. accessB. passageC. wayD. approach29. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _” A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices30. Whats the _ of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion31. I cant repair these until tomorrow, Im afraid.Thats OK, theres _.A. no problem B. no wonderC. no doubtD. no hurry32. Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?Because the old one has been damaged _.A. beyond reachB. beyond repairC. beyond controlD. beyond description33. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real _.A. exchangeB. bargainC. tradeD. business34. -Shall we go out for a walk?- Sorry. This is not the right _ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance35. The young man made a _ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A.prediction B.promise C.plan D.contribution36. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon37. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products38. Despite such a big difference in _ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight 39. My morning _ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine 40. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many parts of the city.A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance41. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _.A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges42. He and his wife are of the same ;they both want their son to go to college.A.soul B.spirit C.heart D.mind43. You are always full of .Can you tell me the secret?Taking plenty of exercise every day.A.power B.strength C.force D.energy44. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _ for a wedding in some countries.A. way B. situation C. event D. choice45. I cant say which wine is best its a(n) _ of personal taste.A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety46. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _ of exercise.A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand47. It is no arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.A. use B. help C.time D.way48. Finding information in todays world is easy. The _ is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.A. ability B. competition C. challenge D. knowledge49. When Jane began to take swimming lessons, her main _ was the fear of water. A. evidence B. crisis C. obstacle D. danger50. School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous .A.states B.conditions C.situations D.positions51. If you like I can do some shopping for you. That s a very kind _. A. offer B. service C. point D. suggestion52. Always read the_on the bottle carefully and take the right amout of medieine.A.explanstions B.instructions C.descriptions D.introductions53. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses. A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values54. The _on his face told me that he was angry.A. impression B. sight C. appearance D. expression55. At the meeting they discussed three different _to the study of mathematics.A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways56. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of .A. date B. shape C. order D. balance57. It is said that dogs will keep you for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safety B. company C. house D. friend58. My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was_it.A.in favour of B.in memory of C.in honour of D.in search of59. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind60. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others.A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character61. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _ all over the country. A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses62. I am sure David will be able to find the library-he has a pretty good_ of direction.A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense63. My _ of this weekends activity is going out with some good friends. A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought64. Do you have any _ of what life would be like if we lived on other planets?A.plan B.idea C.impression D.imagination 65. Beginners are expected to be familiar with the _of the reading material before they come to the class.A.condition B.concept C.contest D.content66. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me.A meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance67. Usually a childs behaviour is a _ of his family environmentA. recognition B. reflection C. return D. record68. We need to consider what _ we will be using for language training.A. abilities B. appliances C. facilities D. qualities69. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off_. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices70. The environmentalists said wild goats_ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A.escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance71. In dealing with public relations,we should make every effort to prevent the_ in personality.A.contact B.contrast C.connect