动词非谓语形式.doc

动词不定式主动式被动式一般时To writeTo be write进行时To be writing 完成时To have writtenTo have been written(一) 时态1. 一般式动词不定式的一般式表示与谓语动词同时或之后的行为。如：I want to have a restI plan to attend the meeting2.完成式不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的行为。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting.3进行式不定式的动作如果同谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生则使用不定式的进行式。如：They seemed to be talking about something important.4.完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词之前已经发生，并且一直进行着的动作。如：He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.（二）动词不定式用法：1.作主语To master English gives us much help in the study of science To know everything is to know nothing.Notes:1) 动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，如上面的两个例句。2) 不定式或不定式短语作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式放在后面，构成“It is +形容词（+for sb）+不定式”结构。如：To study English well is not easy =It is not to study English well.3) 带宾语的不定式短语作主语时，可以把这个宾语转换为主语，而把不定式移到句尾，如：To finish the work took him five days.=The work took him five days to finish.2. 作宾语I want to leave here soon.He pretended to be a doctor.3. 作表语The most important thing is to study hard.4. 作宾语补足语He asked me to do the work with him.Note:1) 能用于“动词+宾语+带to 的动词不定式”结构中的动词有：Advise, aid, allow, challenge, charge, command ,dare, beg, cause, dare, direct, expect, forbid, force 等2）能使用不带to 的动词不定式的动词有：make, let, have 三个使役动词；还有 see, look at, watch, notice, observe,Hear, feel,等感官动词。如： we often watch him sing the song. 但当这些词用于被动语态时，则要接带to 的不定式。如：I saw him play in the parkHe was seen to play in the park.3 ) hope, demand, suggest等动词不可接动词不定式作宾语补足语，应使用宾语从句。如:They hope that we can visit China some day 4)There be 句型的动词不定式复合结构，there 位于宾语的位置，be 采用不定式形式。如：Let there be no misunderstanding between usI dont want there to be any trouble 5. 作定语不定式作定语必须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。I have no time to talk with her.6.作状语不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果或条件。I came here to learn from you ( 目的)Im very glad to heard the news。（原因）He is old enough to go to school.(结果)1. 不定式表示目的时，常可用 In order to, so as to 换用，其否定式为 in order not to,或so as to2. 不定式表示条件时，一般将表示条件的动词不定式置于句首，句中的谓语动词常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must, could 等情态动词。如：To do such thing , he cant be stupid.3. 有些不定式短语可作独立成分，通常置于句首，有时位于句中或句尾，需用逗号同其它句子成分隔开。如：To be honest , I dont think we have a chance of winning. 常见的这类短语有 to be frank(坦白地说)，to be exact( 确切地说)，to begin with( 首先)，to make a long story short ( 常话短说)4. 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语与句子的主语必须一致。如：To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed.(此句是病句)。 To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary.5. 不定式与疑问词 Who, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等 如： How to solve the problem is very important.To look at him ,you cant help laughing.Notes:7.不定式的复合结构。如：I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time.It was clever of him to find his way here.分词（一） 闲着分词与过去分词的区别：1. 现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动：Burning forest; burned skin2. 现在分词表示动作正在进行；而过去分词表示的动作已完成：eg: developing country; developed country分词担当的句子成分（1）定语 eg: They decided to change the material used (2)状语 分词常用来作状语，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况。分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。Relying on our own efforts , we can overcome all the difficulties( 表原因)Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy (表 时间)The teacher walked about the classroom, using his hands to help him in his explanation(表方式)The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it (结果)The students went out of the school, laughing and talking (表方式或伴随情况)Given better attention, the trees could grow better.为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时刻在分词前加上when;while;if 等连词When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with her.If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless.分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，分词独立主格结构，在很多情况下，表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday (条件)We went far into the forest, her father acting as guide.( 伴随情况)So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.（原因）3. 表语The news is exciting ; She looked disappointed4.宾语补足语Dont you see him coming towards usI saw him get on the truck主动式被动式一般时writingBeing written完成时Having writtenHaving been written(1)完成式现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生。Having finished his homework, the boy began to watch Tv(2)被动式现在分词的被动形式不仅表示被动的动作，而且表示这个动作正在进行；或这个动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。现在分词的被动形式主要作定语、状语和宾语补足语。The bridge being built there will be one of the longest in ChinaBeing surrounded ,the enemy were forced to put down their guns(3)完成被动式Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up.动名词用法：1. 主语：Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.2. 表语 Their job is building houses3. 宾语 I enjoy seeing you and talking about old timesNeed, want 后面的动名词具有被动意义。 Eg: Your suit needs ironing4. 定语动名词表示的多是被修饰的名词的功能、用途。 Eg: walking stick; walking tractor.主动式被动式一般时doingBeing done完成时Having doneHaving been doneChildren enjoy reading picture-story books (一般式)I apologize for not having kept my promise. (完成式)S