动词的时态和语态用法和练习.doc

第一讲 动词的时态和语态英语谓语动词主动语态的十六种时态英语中谓语动词按照其4种不同的动作状态，放入4种不同的时段，就构成16种时态：一般式 do进行式be doing完成式have done完成进行式have been doing现在时do / doesam / is / are doingHave/ has donehave / has been doing过去时didwas / were doinghad donehad been doing+将来时shall/ will doshall/ will be doingshall/ will have doneshall / will have been doing过将去来时should/ would doshould/ would be doingshould / would have doneshould / would have been doing一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态；表示真理或可观事实；表示主语的特征或状态；用于时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。如下列例句所示：-Families in the United States usually eat dinner about six oclock in the evening. 美国的家庭通常在晚上6点钟左右吃晚饭。-The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 老师告诉他们，由于光传播得比声音快，所以闪电好像发生在雷声之前。-Muscles move bones by pulling on tendons. 肌肉是通过拉动腱而使骨头活动的。-If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she does. 如果她现在不告诉他实情，他会没完没了地问她，直到她这样做了为止。一般过去时与表示或暗含过去的时间状语连用；用于叙述逝者的情况；在时间和条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。如下列例句所示：-After Peter grew a beard, even his close friends did not recognize him at first sight. 彼得蓄须之后，即使他的亲密朋友一眼也认不出他来。 -The last half of the nineteenth century witnessed the steady improvement of the means of travel. 19世纪后半期，旅行的工具不断改进。 -Emma Lazarus, a poet and essayist, wrote the sonnet inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. 诗人兼散文作家埃玛拉扎勒斯写了这首被镌刻在自由女神像基座上的十四行诗。 -“When did he do before he retired?” “He drove a city bus for over twenty-five years.” “他在退休之前做什么？” “他开了25多年的城市公共汽车。” -I decided to go to the library as soon as I finished what I was doing. 我决定一结束手头的事就到图书馆去。一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，将来时有多种表示方法：“shall/will +动词原形” “be going +不定式” “be about+不定式”（表示正要，刚要） “be +不定式” （表示按期将要发生的动作） “be doing”表示马上要发生的动作，常用于come, go, start, begin, leave, retire 等动词。-While people may refer to television for news, it is not likely that television will replace the newspaper completely. 虽然人们可能通过看电视来了解新闻，但电视完全取代报纸是不可能的。 -School is about to start. 学校即将开学。-A test is to be held in the tenth week. 在第十周将有考试。 -Mr. Li is retiring tomorrow. 李先生明天将退休。现在进行时表示正在进行的动作；经常或反复发生的动作；暂时的情况。如下列例句所示：-Listen, your brother is singing in his room. 听，你的哥哥在房间里唱歌。-All things consist of atoms or molecules, which are constantly moving. 一切物质都是由原子或分子组成的，原子和分子在不停地运动。 -I am just being curious. 我只是好奇罢了。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作；发生在过去将来的动作。如下列例句所示：-We were driving along the river when the car ran out of petrol. 我们正沿着河行驶，突然汽车的汽油耗尽了。 -“Senator Mitchell has just arrived.” “Really? I didnt think he was coming until next week.” “米歇尔参议员刚刚到。”“真的吗？我原以为他下个星期才来。”将来进行时表示预计即将出现或势必出现的情况。如下列例句所示：-The car will be going at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at 8tonight. 这辆轿车在今晚8点到达山脚前，将一直以现在地速度行驶。过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，常用在宾语从句中。如下列例句所示：-He refused to tell us whether he would undertake the job. 他拒绝告诉我们是否愿意承担这项工作。 -Some U. S. forecasting firms predicted a few months ago that inflation would be back down into a single digit in 2003. 几个月前，美国的一些预测公司预言，通货膨胀将于2003年回落至一位数。现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态；通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用；表示过去发生对现在有影响的动作（通常和一些不确定的时间状语连用，如：once, before, recently, ever, never, already, yet等）；用于时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。如下列例句所示：-Ever since Picassos paintings went on exhibit, there have been large crowds at the museum every day. 自从毕加索的绘画展出以来，博物馆每天都有很多人参观。-Since the Johnsons moved here last year, they have enjoyed better health. 自从参军以来，他的身体好多了。 -We cant give you a room now unless you have made reservations. 如果你没有预定，我们现在无法给你一个房间。 -We shall wait till you have made up your mind. 我们将一直等到你拿定主意。过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态（“过去某时之前”既可以用短语或从句来表示，又可通过上下文来烘托）；表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态；过去完成时表示未实现的愿望（作这种用法的动词有expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think, want等）。如下列例句所示：-We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. 我们刚吃完早饭，一个老年男人就来到了门口。 -When walking down the road, I met Henry, whom I had not seen for years. 我在路上遇到了亨利，我多年没见到他了。 -I had intended to come, but I was too busy. 我本想来的，但是我太忙了。将来完成时表示将来某时已经结束的动作或状态；表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如下列例句所示：-Pick me up at 8. I will have had my bath by then. 8点钟来接我，那时我就洗完澡了。 -By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. 到你抵达伦敦的时候，我们已经在欧洲待了两个星期了。现在完成进行时表示开始于过去而持续到现在的动作；表示从过去到现在的重复性动作。现在完成进行时多用于延续性动词，如lie, live, sit, study, work, wait等；现在完成进行时的时间状语除了与现在完成时相同的since或for引导的从句或短语之外，还有一些强调动作持续进行的时间状语，如：all the time, all morning/afternoon等；现在完成进行时常常和现在完成时换用，只是现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续进行。如下列例句所示：-In the experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they have just been dreaming. 在这个实验中，他们在夜间被叫醒了好几次，并要求报告自己刚刚所梦见的东西。 -The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. 公司好长时间以来一直许诺要增加工资，可是至今什么动静都没有。过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如下列例句所示：-After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses had been lying on the table all the time. 寻找了半个小时之后，她意识到自己的眼镜一直在桌子上。ExerciseFill in the blank of the each sentence with the given verbs in its proper tense:1. Hell go to see a film the moment he _ (finish) the project.2. Youre breathless, you must _ (run).3. Give the ticket to the student who _ (come) here tomorrow morning.4. I wont tell her the truth unless she _ (ask) me to do so.5. Its the second time that he _ (deliver) a speech to us.6. Mary _ (write) a report since this morning. She wont finish it until tomorrow.7. Why _ you always _ (talk) with your desk mate in class?8. Smith _ (learn) some Chinese before he came to China.9. He was informed that a group of guests _ (arrive) soon.10. By the time he _ (get) to London, I _ (leave) for Japan.11. So far no people _ (be) injured or killed in the accidents in this district.12. She left home in 1982 and _ (not hear) since.13. By the time she graduates from this university, she _ (study) for four years.14. David was sent home from school because he _ (catch) cheating on the test.15. You _ constantly _ (have) your books scattered about.16. I _ (intend) to write a book, but I was too busy.17. No matter who _ (ask) me for help, Ill help him.18. He must _ (play) tennis from three to five yesterday afternoon.19. Im sorry for being unable to attend your party tonight because I _ (teach) a class.20. The teacher told the children that light _(travel) faster than sound.21. A new hotel _ (construct) over there at the present time.22. He _ (read) many books lately.23. Up till now, five new primary schools _ (build) in this area.24. She _ (take) a bath when the telephone rang.25. This factory is no longer what it _ (be).26. No decision _ (make) about the matter yet.27. He could _ (be) very rich but he _ (be) not.28. The book is said to _ (write) the year before last.29. He told me that he _ (buy) a luxury car soon.30. Why _ the boy forever _ (lie)?Key: 1. finishes 2. have been running 3. comes 4. asks 5. has delivered 6. has been writing 7. are talking 8. had learned 9. were arriving 10. gets, shall/ will have left 11.have been 12. has not been heard 14.had been caught 15.are having 16.had intended 17.asks 18.have been playing 19.shall/will be teaching 20. travels 21. is being constructed 22. has read 23.have been built 24.was taking 24.was 26.has been made 27.have been, was 28. have been written 29.would buy 30.islying英语谓语动词被动语态的十二种表述方式I被动语态的定义和表述形式：1. 定义：英语句子中，当不知道动作执行者或不强调动作执行者，却强调动作承受者的时，就要使用一种语态即被动语态。如人们说：“我昨天挨打了(I got beaten yesterday)”，“这房间明天要打扫了（This room will be cleaned tomorrow）”就是一种被动语态的表述。 有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动语态，如在It is urgent for the task to be fulfilled within a week. 句中，it是形式主语，而不定式to be fulfilled + 其逻辑主语for the task 一起构成动词不定式短语，做句子真正的主语。对task 来说，是被人完成的，故不定式需用被动语态。2. 被动语态的表述形式：英语谓语动词被动语态的十二种表述方式被动语态中，谓语动词按3种不同的动作状态，放入4种不同的时段，就构成12种被动态：一般被动式 be done进行被动式be being done完成被动式have been done完成进行被动式现在时am/ is/ are doneam/ is/ are being donehave/has been done过去时was/ were donewas/ were being donehad been done将来时shall/will be doneshall/will be being doneshall/will have been done过将去来时should/would be doneshould/would be being doneshould/ would have been done（1） 一般式（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来式，一般过去将来式）的被动语态：am / is / are + done （一般现在式被动）如.：Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。Was / were + done （一般过去式被动）This room was cleaned every day. These computers were repaired last week. am / is / are (going) to be + donewill (shall ) be + done （一般将来式被动）I am to be advised on how to solve this problem.The machine is to be / will be repaired（by the worker）soon.Was / were (going) to be + donewould (should ) be + done. （过去将来式被动） Tom was to/ would be severally punished as he had just done such a wrong doing. She told me last week that a new museum would be built nearby.（2） 进行式（现在进行、过去进行、将来进行、过去将来进行式）的被动语态：am / is / are + being + done （一般现在进行式被动）如.：A new bridge is being built these days. These children are being taught how to pronounce the new English words.Was / were + being + done （一般过去进行式被动）This room was being painted yesterday afternoon. These computers were being repaired this time yesterday afternoon. will (shall ) be + being + done （一般将来进行式被动）These inventions will be being tested（by the experts）from 9 to 11 tomorrow morning.The bridge will be being constructed at this time next year. (将来进行式被动)would (should ) be + being + done. (过去将来进行式被动） Before his death the old man firmly believed that a new order would be being established in the following decade. Scientists estimated that several new materials would be being used to replace metals in the next decades.（3） 完成式（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成、过去将来完成式）的被动语态：have / has + been + done （现在完成式被动）如.：His homework has been finished by now. The mistakes in this article have already been corrected.ha d + been + done （过去完成式被动）His house in the city had been sold before he retired to the country. These computers had been upgraded by last week. will (shall ) have + been + done （将来完成式被动）The task will have been fulfilled by 5 oclock this afternoon. When you come back from abroad next year, the new museum will have been completed.would (should ) have + been + done. （过去将来完成式被动） I was informed that our new project would have been completed by the end of the following year. Dad assured me that the meal would have been cooked before Mum came back.注意：主动语态中的四种完成进行式没有被动语态。（4） 情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + done如：Your teeth must be brushed. This woolen sweater cant (mustnt) be washed in hot water. This heavy box neednt be carried here. The accident should have been described in some detail. The secret ought not to be revealed. The sports meet may not be held according to plan.（5） 动词不定式的被动语态：to be done, to have been done如：A new hospital is said to be built in this district next year. Another bank is said to have been robbed yesterday. . 主动语态变为被动语态的方法1. 主动语态变为被动的一般方法 （1）将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。（2）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如： He gave the boy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple was given to the boy） Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father）The Math teacher told Tom a story. Tom was told a story by the Math teacher.但有时也可把直接宾语做主语，要看那种形式合适。如：His father left him this house This house was left (to) him by his father.（3）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。A. 动词make，let，have在句中作谓语，在主动语态中要求使用省略to的动词不定式作句子的宾语补足语，但句子变为被动语态时，该不定式仍然要带to。如：The teacher makes the students do a lot of homework every day The students are made to do a lot of homework every day 注意：let 在主动语态中作谓语时，其动词不定式的宾语补语不带to，改为被动语态时，该不定式可带to，也可省to。 have作为使役动词，无被动形式，需改为be made to do。 B. 有些感官动词在主动结构中作表语，需接不带to的不定式作宾补，但如果句子改为被动语态，则需把省略的to补上。这类感官动词有：hear, listen to，see, look at, watch, observe, notice, spot, help, find等。如： They watched the children sing 2 songs that morningThe children were watched to sing 2 songs that morning I noticed the old man pick up the rubbish and throw it into the dustbin.The old man was noticed to pick up the rubbish and to throw it into the dustbin.（4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang He cut his hair shortHis hair was cut short They told Tom to help meTom was told to help me 2. 主动语态变为被动的几种特殊情况（1） 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动态，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，而从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, expect，find, claim，assert，think, report等。 如：The public believed that the government would adopt more effective measures. It was believed that the government would adopt more effective measures. People claimed that they had seen a monster in this lake. It was claimed a monster had been seen in this lake.（2）短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如： We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees must be taken good care of (3) 有些句子适合用主动语态来描绘事物，而有些信息则适宜于用被动语态来表述，因此，解题时，应判断某句子谓语需用主动还是被动语态来表述较为合适。如：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday，19th July, there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.写这段文章时，因人们最关心的是事故受害者，所以报道时多用被动语态：a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van, The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital.，he was treated for shock and a broken arm。这些话传递了关于孩子受伤及处理的重要信息，使用被动语态，予以突出。 至于谁肇事、谁送他去医院，谁treat他，并不重要。III. 不用被动语态的情况（1） 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。（2）当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动。如： He hurt himself. She can dress herselfWe could hardly see each other in the fog I shook my head.(3) 当宾语为同源宾语（与主语指同一人），动名词，动词不定式时不用被动。 如: I dreamed a terrible dream last night. They live a happy life John enjoyed seeing the film. Peter hoped to meet her (4) 一些名词和动词结合的固定说法不能改为被动语态。如：We Chinese always keep our word.(5) 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动。如：The girl kissed her boyfriend good night.The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(6) 某些 “不及物动词 + 介词” 构成的短语，如walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with等不能用被动。（7）某些动词要用主动语态来表示被动的动作，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。如：sell, wear, write，wash ，dry，open，record， close，lock，read，miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw， let等。它们用作不及物动词, 描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe，beat，cook，bake，print，build，make等，有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如： This kind of radio doesnt sell well The pipe does not draw well These plays act wonderfully Kates book reads like an interesting novel.This material wont wear The cloth washes wellThe window wont shut The door wont open The door wont lock The suggestion sounds reasonable. The cake is delicious to taste.This painting is pleasant to look at. 注意：用某动词的主动语态来表示被动，强调的是主语的特征，而用该动词的被动语态则强调外界作用所造成的影响。如：The door wont lock门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked门不会上锁。（指不会有人来锁门） His novels sell easily他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好） His novels are sold easily他的小说易销。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大） (8) 某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而非动作，故不用于进行时态）如have，fit，suit，hold（容纳），cost， suffer，last（持续；够某人维持）等不能用于被动语态。如： They have a nice carMy shoes dont fit meMy brain cant hold so much information at one time How much What does it cost？ Our holiday lasts 10daysThis food will last（them）（for）3days (9) 动词leave（离开），enter（进入），join（参加）不可用于被动语态。如： The car left the road and hit a tree车子离开了道路，撞上了树。（10）某些动名词的主动形式用来表示被动的含义 1）在need，want，require，demand，deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：The house needs repairing（to be repaired） My clothes need washing（to be washed） 2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式（doing）表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后跟 of + 动名词被动形式 （of being done） 或 动词不定式的被动形式（to be done）。如：The picture-book is well worth reading Such a man as MrSmith is not worth helping This plan is not worth consideringThis plan is not worthy of being considered / to be considered 3）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 a当nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant， interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语