引述或转述别人的话称为.doc

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句，其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? (一)人称的转变 1.直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.” Hesaidthathewasverysorry. 2.直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme. MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime. 3.直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： Shesaidtoherson,“Illcheckyourhomeworktonight.” Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight. 4.人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?” HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 (二)时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求)，变化如下： 一般现在时一般过去时 现在进行时过去进行时 现在完成时过去完成时 一般将来时过去将来时 一般过去时过去完成时 过去完成时不变 过去进行时不变 如： 1)“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid. Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool. 2)Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.” Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic. 3)Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?” MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV. 4)Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?” HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus. 5)“Whydidsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked. Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere. 6)Motheraskedme,“Hadyoufinishedyourhomework beforeyouwatchedTV?” MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV. 7)Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.” Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore. 8)Hesaid，“Ihaventheardfrommyparentsthesedays.” Hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays. (三)时间状语、地点状语及某些对 比性的指示代词和动词变化 nowthen todaythatday 时yesterdaythedaybefore 间lastweek(month)theweek(month)before tomorrowthenext(following)day nextyeartheyearbefore twodaysagotwodaysbefore thisthat 指示代词 thesethose 地点状语：herethere 动词：comego bringtake 如： Shesaid,“Iwontgothereanymore.” Shesaidshewouldntcomehereanymore. Hesaid,“Thiswillbefinishedtomorrow.” Hesaidthatwouldbefinishedthenextday. Paulsaid,“IvisitedChinalastyear.” PaulsaidhehadvisitedChinatheyearbefore. (四)直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变 1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.” Healwayssaysthatheistiredout. 2.当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： Hewillsay,“Illtrymybesttohelpyou.” hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme. 3.当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.” Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994. 4.当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如： Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.” Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool. 5.当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.” Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound. 6.当引语是谚语、格言时，如： Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.” Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect. 7.当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如： Thedoctorsaid,“Youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.” thedoctorsaidIdbetterdrinkplentyofwater. Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.” Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher. Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.” Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen. Theteachersaid,“Youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.” Theteachersaidweneednt/didntneedto/didnthavetohandinourcompositions. Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?” Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine. 注：此处用hadto代替must更好 8.此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改变。如： Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon. StudentA:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor? Monitor;Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon. (五)直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1.陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不可直接说toldthat,如： Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.” HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall. Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.” HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat) 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如： Hesaid，“Imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.” Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.” Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon. 2.直接引语为一般疑问句，也称是否疑问句，间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)，语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?” Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation. Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?” HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish. 3.直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror.如： Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?” HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench. Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?” Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain. 4.直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： Heasked，“Whatsyourname?” Heasked(me)whatmynamewas. Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?” Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry. 5.直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo，(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变)，并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： Hesaid，“Beseated,please.” Heaskedustobeseated. “Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid. Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting. “Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby. Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain. “Donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid. Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithou