经贸博览.doc-经贸博览之一——WTO简介.doc

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At its heart are the WTO agreements. 其目的有三： 1.使贸易尽可能的自由流动； 2.作为一个贸易谈判的论坛; 3.争端解决。 WTO has three main purposes: 1. To help trade flow as freely as possible 2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations 3. To settle disputes 其原则有五： 1.非歧视；(without discrimination) 2.更自由；(freer) 3.可预见；(predictable) 4.更具竞争性；(more competitive) 5.更利于欠发达国家. (more beneficial for less developed countries) WTO的组织结构是怎样的？ 部长级大会 Ministerial Conference 总理事会 General Council 委员会 货物贸易理事会 与贸易有关的知识产权理事会 服务贸易理事会 Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services 关于：Property Rights 贸易与环境， trade and environment 贸易与发展, 等 Trade and Development 诸边协议 Plurilaterals 注：总理事会其实是三位一体，即贸易政策审议机构、争端解决机构和总理事会。 GATT和WTO的区别在哪里？ 答：主要区别在于： The main differences： 关贸总协定是临时的。从未得到成员立法机构的批准，也未包括创立一个机构的条款。 GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in members parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization. 世界贸易组织及世贸协议是永久性的。作为一个国际组织，世界贸易组织由于成员的立法机构批准了世贸协议，且世贸协议本身描述了世贸的运作方式，因而有了很好的法律基础。 The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function. 世贸有成员。关贸总协定有缔约方，强调了关贸总协定正式而言是一个法律文本。 The WTO has members. GATT had contracting parties, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text. 关贸总协定管的是货物贸易，世贸还管服务贸易和知识产权。 GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well. 世贸争端解决体系较关贸总协定更迅速，更主动，其裁决不受阻挠。 The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked. 二、WTO小知识点： 国民待遇-给予外国人和本国人一样的待遇。 National treatment-giving others the same treatment as ones own nationals 诸边协议-指几个世贸成员之间，而非全体成员之间签署的协议，如民用航空器协议( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和政府采购协议 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。 Plurilaterals-signed by only a few WTO members rather than all WTO历任总干事： The directors-general of WTO Peter Sutherland (Ireland) GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995 彼得？萨瑟兰 （爱尔兰），1993-1994年（GATT）,1995年（WTO） Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999 雷纳托？鲁杰罗 （意大利） 1995-1999年 Director General in office: Mike Moore (Australia) 1999-2001 现任： 迈克？穆尔 （澳大利亚） 19992001年 综合支持总量-是计算成员对于农业支持量（这种支持是要削减的）的一种计算方法,算出他们在1986-1988年基期，每年给农业部门的支持量。发达国家同意从1995年起，用6年时间将这些数字减少20%。发展中国家用10年时间削减13%。最不发达国家不用削减。 Total aggregate measurement of support or Total AMS- a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts. 微量支持(de minimis support)- WTO成员对于农业的一种支持，属黄箱(yellow box)政策，不用被削减。因为它对农业的影响很小。据世贸的农业协定(Agreement on Agriculture)对于发达国家而言，微量支持水平(de minimis level)为不超过一种产品生产总值的5%，对于非特定产品支持，为农业生产总值的5%；对于发展中国家，微量支持水平的最大值是10%。 编者按-此栏目以中英文对照的形式，向大家介绍国际经贸中出现的一些热点的背景知识。 经贸博览之二亚太经合组织 2004-05-16 07:53亚太经济合作组织（APEC） APEC应该成为具有鲜明亚太地区特色的经济合作组织，即要推动贸易投资自由化，又要开展经济技术合作；即以自主自愿行动为基础，又有经过适当协调的集体行动；既努力寻求共同利益，又尊重不同成员的各自利益；既对区域内开放，又对区域外开放。 -江泽民 编者按-此栏目以中英文对照的形式，向大家介绍国际经贸中出现的一些热点的背景知识。本期介绍一下亚太经济合作组织。 一、 亚太经济合作组织ABC 1 什么是APEC？ 根据英文直译，APEC意为Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(亚太经济合作)。可要是我们这样称呼她，总觉得有些便扭。那么该怎样称呼她呢？是叫亚太经合组织、亚太经合会、还是叫论坛？国内最开始时，对APEC的称呼是有些混乱的。但到了92年，考虑到APEC设立了秘书处，开始了某种机制化的进程，我国外交部经商国内主要协作部门后，将APEC定名为亚太经济合作组织。 但APEC秘书处出版的APEC Brochure 2001，首段就将APEC定位为区域论坛。另外，中国前任APEC高官王隅生(音同)在其所著一个中国高官的体察一书中称，严格说来，根据APEC成立时的宗旨和性质，它只是一个具有实质内容的官方论坛，而不是具有约束性的组?quot;。 2 APEC的目标 Blake Island, 1993 APEC Economic Leaders met for the first time in November, 1993, when they held informal discussions at Blake Island near Seattle. They envisioned a community of Asia-Pacific economies, based on the spirit of openness and partnership; which would make cooperative efforts to address the challenges of: change; promote the free exchange of goods, services and investment; and work towards broadly-based economic growth, higher living and educational standards and sustainable growth that respects the natural environment. 1993年西雅图布莱克岛 1993年APEC经济领导人在布莱克岛首次聚会，设想建立一个基于开放态度和伙伴精神的、由亚太各经济体共同组成的大家庭；大家共同努力，解决变革中遇到的挑战；促进货物、服务和投资的自由流动；努力实现更大范围的经济增长、提高生活和教育水平，并在保护自然环境的同时实现可持续增长。 In subsequent annual meetings, APEC Ministers and Leaders further refined this vision and launched mechanisms to translate it into action. In 1994 in Bogor, the vision of an open trading system became the very ambitious goal of free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2010 for developed member economies and 2020 for developing ones. 1994年茂物 经济领导人建立了雄心勃勃的茂物计划，即：在亚太范围内，发达成员在2010年前实现贸易投资自由化，发展中成员在2020年前实现贸易投资自由化。 Osaka, 1995 In Osaka, APEC Leaders adopted the Osaka Action Agenda (OAA), which firmly established the three pillars of APEC activities: trade and investment liberalization, business facilitation, and economic and technical cooperation. 1995年日本大阪 APEC领导人接受大阪行动纲领，建立起APEC的三大支柱：贸易投资自由化、商业便利化以及经济技术合作。 Manila, 1996 The Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA), adopted by the APEC Leaders in November 1996, compiled members initial individual action plans to achieve the objectives outlined in Bogor. APEC Leaders also instructed that high priority be given to the following six areas of economic and technical cooperation: developing human capital; fostering safe and efficient capital markets; strengthening economic infrastructure; harnessing technologies of the future; promoting environmentally sustainable growth; and encouraging the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. 1996年马尼拉 将各国的单边行动计划汇总，形成并通过马尼拉行动计划，来落实茂物目标。此外，各经济体领导人还确认了六大优先发展的领域：发展人力资本、培育安全有效的资本市场、加强经济基础设施建设、利用未来技术、促进保护环境的可持续发展、鼓励中小企业成长。 Vancouver, 1997 In Vancouver APEC Leaders recognized members efforts to improve the commitments in their Individual Action Plans (IAPs) and reaffirmed their intention to update these annually. APEC Leaders endorsed their Ministers agreement that action should be taken with respect to early voluntary sectoral liberalization (EVSL) in 15 sectors, with nine to be advanced throughout 1998 and implementation to begin in 1999. 1997年温哥华 在温哥华，APEC领导人认识到各成员为促进各自单边行动计划中所作的承诺，做出了努力；并重申他们每年都会做出新的努力。此外，APEC领导人同意部长会议上所达成的协议，即：各成员应采取行动实现部门自愿提前自由化，其中9个部门的提前自由化于1998年推动，1999年开始实施。 1997年下半年开始爆发亚洲金融危机 Kuala Lumpur, 1998 In Kuala Lumpur APEC Leaders reaffirmed their confidence in the strong economic fundamentals and prospects for recovery of the economies of the Asia-Pacific. They agreed to pursue a cooperative growth strategy to end the financial crisis. They pledged efforts to strengthen: social safety nets; financial systems; trade and investment flows; the scientific and technological base; human resources development; economic infrastructure; and business and commercial links, so as to provide the base and set the pace for sustained growth into the 21st century. APEC Leaders also welcomed the Ministers decision to seek an EVSL agreement with non-APEC members at the World Trade Organisation. 1998年吉隆坡 在吉隆坡，APEC领导人重申他们对于亚太地区雄厚的经济基础及经济复苏前景的信心。他们同意采取一项通过合作促进增长的战略，来结束亚洲金融危机。他们承诺做出努力来加强以下方面：社会保障网络、金融体系、贸易投资流动、科技基础、人力资源发展、经济基础设施、商业联系，以此来打下基础，迈出步伐，实现21世纪的可持续发展。APEC领导人也欢迎部长们做出的决定，即：在世界贸易组织那里与非APEC成员一起寻求部门自愿提前自由化。 Auckland, 1999 At their meeting in September 1999 in Auckland, APEC Leaders agreed that the performance and prospects of the APEC economies had improved, but they were not complacent about the risks to recovery. Accordingly they pledged to strengthen markets and improve the international framework governing trade and investment flows. APEC Leaders also put people and their prosperity at the forefront of their discussions, welcoming the more active participation of women and the business sector in APECs work. 1999年奥克兰 在1999年9月奥克兰首脑会议上，APEC领导人一致认为，APEC各经济体的表现和前景都有所改善，但任重而道远。因此，他们承诺加强市场，改善贸易投资流动的国际框架。此外，领导人还讨论了以人为本的问题，欢迎妇女更多的参与APEC的商业活动。 Bandar Seri Begawan，2000 With the emerging signs of economic recovery in the region, APEC Economic Leaders, in their meeting in Bandar Seri Begawan in November 2000, mapped out ways of preserving, strengthening and further opening markets as well as sustaining economic recovery in APEC. Aiming to deliver on the various agreements, to the people and the diverse communities that APEC serves, they decided to address the challenges of the New Economy in the following areas: Managing Globalization. The Action Agenda for the New Economy. Creating New Opportunities. Strengthening the Multilateral Trading System. Making APEC Matter More. 2000年斯里巴加湾 随着本地区出现了经济复苏的迹象，APEC经济领导人在2000年11月斯里巴加湾会议上制订了办法，来维护、加强、促进市场的开放，实现亚太经济的复苏。他们还决定通过以下方法来应对新经济的挑战： 管理全球化 制定新经济行动计划 创造新机遇 加强多边贸易体系 让APEC更有份量 二、 中国与APEC I. Background of APEC this year In terms of the global economic and trade climate, two major scenarios distinguish the APEC meetings of this year. One is that some of the major members have suffered economic slowdown such as the United States and Japan; and the other is whether to launch a new round of WTO talks this year, remains uncertain. Given that, this years APEC meetings are focused on the following two issues: 1. Strengthening the cooperation between and among the APEC members in the face of potential economic slowdown for confidence rebuilding; 2. Furthering the liberalization and facilitation process of trade and investment and supporting the development of the multilateral trading system by pushing forward a new round of WTO talks at an earlier date. I.背景 今年举办APEC会议，就全球经济贸易环境来说，主要面临两个大背景，一个是一些主要成员经济增长速度减缓，如：美国、日本等成员均出现了经济减速的问题；另一个是WTO能否在今年启动新一轮谈判问题。因此，今年的APEC会议将主要侧重于以下两个方面： 1 加强APEC之间的合作，共同应对可能出现的经济衰退，重树信心； 2 继续推进APEC贸易投资自由化和便利化进程，支持多边贸易体制发展，推动WTO尽早启动新一轮谈判。 II. Themes and Agenda of APEC meetings By analyzing the objective environment and practical needs that APEC is facing, and condensing the ideas from various parties, we have agreed upon the theme of APEC 2001 as Meeting New Challenges in the New Century: Achieving Common Prosperity through Participation and Cooperation. This theme was mainly aimed at guiding the APEC members towards the 21st century and against the backdrop of the economic globalization and New Economy, seeking favorable positions, exploring new opportunities and enhancing cooperation for the common prosperity. Following this way of thinking and considering the present APEC cooperative framework, we worked out three sub-themes, which are: 1. Making all APEC members benefit from the globalization and New Economy by promoting capacity building and exploring future opportunities; 2. Advancing Trade and Investment for the establishment of a more reasonable multilateral trading system; 3.Creating a favorable macro-environment for the sustainable economic development in Asia and Pacific. II.会议的主题和议题 根据APEC面临的客观环境与现实需要，在征求各方意见的基础上，我们已确立了新世纪、新挑战：参与、合作、促进共同繁荣作为2001年APEC会议的主题。这一思路主要立意于引导APEC成员面向21世纪，在经济全球化和新经济的形势下，趋利避害，开拓发展机遇，加强合作，实现共同繁荣。按此思路，并考虑到APEC现有合作框架，拟订了三个分主题： 1.加强能力建设，开拓未来发展机遇，使各成员从全球化和新经济中受益。 2. 促进贸易与投资，推动建立更加合理的多边贸易体制。 3. 为亚太地区经济可持续发展创造有利的宏观环境。 III 筹办机构人员 LEADING GROUP 姓 名领导小组职务NAMEPOSITION钱其琛组长中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理QIAN QichenDirectorMemberof the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of CPC (CCCPC)VicePremier of the State Council 黄菊副组长中共中央政治局委员、上海市委书记HUANG JuDeputyDirectorMember of the Political Bureauof the Central Committee of CPCParty Secretaryof Shanghai曾庆红副组长中共中央政治局候补委员、中共中央书记处书记、中央组织部部长ZENG QinghongDeputyDirectorAlternate member of the PoliticalBureau of CCCPCSecretary of the Secretariatof CCCPCMinister of the Organization Department,CCCPC王忠禹副组长国务委员兼国务院秘书长WANG ZhongyuDeputyDirectorState CouncilorSecretary General of the State Council王刚成员中共中央办公厅主任WANG GangMemberDirectorof the General Office, CCCPC唐家璇成员外交部部长TANG JiaxuanMemberMinisterof Foreign Affairs石广生成员对外贸易经济合作部部长SHI GuangshengMemberMinisterof Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation徐匡迪成员上海市市长XU KuangdiMemberMayorof the Shanghai Municipal GovernmentTHE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE姓名筹委会职务唐家璇主任外交部部长TANG JiaxuanDirectorMinisterof Foreign Affairs石广生副主任对外贸易经济合作部部长SHI GuangshengDeputyDirectorMinister of Foreign Trade and EconomicCooperation徐匡迪副主任上海市市长XU KuangdiDeputyDirectorMayor of the Shanghai MunicipalGovernment THE SECRETARIAT职 务筹委会职务外交部副部长主任外交部部长Vice Minister of Foreign AffairsDirectorMinisterof Foreign Affairs外交部部长助理副主任对外贸易经济合作部部长 Assistant Minister of Foreign AffairsDeputyDirectorMinister of Foreign Trade and EconomicCooperation徐匡迪副主任上海市市长XU KuangdiDeputyDirectorMayor of the Shanghai MunicipalGovernment IV. 中国筹办会议一览APEC经济领导人非正式会议InformalMeeting of Economic Leaders贸易部长会议MRT (Ministers Responsible forTrade) Meeting2001年APEC投资博览会APEC Investment Mart 2001杰出青年企业家论坛YongLeaders Entrepreneurs Forum海关与商界对话会APEC Customs-Business Dialogue 2001APEC妇女领导人会议APECWomen Leaders Network Meeting 2001中小企业部长会议APEC SMEs Meeting第八届APEC财长会议The 8th APEC Finance Ministers Meeting (AFMM)APEC工商领导人峰会 APECCEO Summit 2001ABAC工商咨询理事会APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC)电子商务与无纸贸易高级研讨会High-LevelSymposium on E-commerce and Paperless TradingAPEC研究中心联席会议APEC Study Centers (ASC) Consortium MeetingAPEC青年节APECYouth Festival人力资源能力建设高峰会议APEC High-level Meeting on Human Capacity Building第四届APEC科技博览会APECTechnomart IV三、APEC小知识 Q : When and why APEC was established ? A : APEC was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies. Its goal is to advance Asia-Pacific economic dynamism and sense of community. APEC何时成立，为什么成立？ 答：APEC成立于1989年，是为了响应APEC经济体之间出现的不断增长的互动。其目标是增加APEC的活力，推动建立APEC大家庭。 Q: Who are the Observers of APEC ? A: There are three observers, namely Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and South Pacific Forum (SPF). APEC的观察员有哪些？ 答：APEC有三个观察员：东盟秘书处、太平洋经济合作理事会和南太论坛。 Q : What does EVSL mean ? A : EVSL means Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization. The concept was presented by the APEC Economic Leaders in 1996 to identify potential sectors where early voluntary liberalization would have a positive impact on trade, investment, and economic growth in the individual APEC economies as well as in the region. 什么是部门自愿提前自由化？ 答：部门自愿提前自由化是1996年由APEC经济领导人提出的概念，是要确认出一些部门，其提前自愿自由化将对各个成员和整个地区的贸易、投资和经济增长有积极的影响。 Q : How many sectors are involved in the EVSL process ? A : Fifteen (15) sectors were identified in 1997. They are : environmental goods and services; fish and fish products; toys; forest products; gems and jewellery; medical equipment and instruments; chemicals; energy sector; telecommunications mutual recognition arrangement (MRA); food sector; natural and synthetic rubber; fertilizers; automotive; oilseeds and oilseed products and civil aircraft. The first nine (9) sectors belonged to fast track sectors. 有多少部门加入了部门自愿提前自由化进程？ 答：在1997年确认了15个，它们是：环境产品和服务；渔业及渔产品；林产品；宝石珠宝；医疗设备和仪器；化工产品；能源；电信相互承认安排；食品；天然和合成橡胶；化肥；汽车；油籽和油籽产品；民用航空器。前九个部门属于快轨名单。 Q : What is the composition of the Secretariat staff ? A : The Secretariat has two-category of staff. The first category is Professional Staff Members (PSMs) which are seconded from the government of member economies. The other is Supportive Staff Members (SSMs) which are openly recruited in Singapore. APEC秘书处的人员组成是怎样的？ 答：分两类：一类是专业成员，从各成员经济体的政府部门中临时借调；另一类是辅助成员，从新加坡公开招募。 Q : How is the APEC decision-making process ? A : APEC operates by consensus. Members conduct their activities and work programs on the basis of open dialogue with equal respect for the views of all participants. APEC的决策程序是怎样的？ 答：APEC实行的是协商一致的原则。成员的活动和工作计划在公开对话、平等尊重的基础上，征集所有参与者的意见。 对外贸易经济合作部交际司翻译处 张晓通经贸博览之三多哈会议 2004-05-16 07:59 多哈会议 这几天，全中国都在关注多哈世界贸易组织第四届部长级会议。 一是因为会上将审议并通过中国加入世界贸易组织。 二是大会将决定是否启动新多边贸易谈判。 背景知识 1.什么是多哈会议？ 于2001年11月9日至14日在卡塔尔首都多哈举行的世界贸易组织第四届部长级会议。 The fourth WTO Ministerial Conference is b