英语备课-名词性从句.doc

名词性从句重点、难点和考点：1、 if和weather。If只可用于宾语从句中，且不与or not连用。2、 Because可以引导表语从句，而for,since,as（作因为解）等都不可以。3、 As可以作为从属连词引导表语。作“如同、象”解。4、 介词可以后接宾语从句。作介词的宾语。连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it作形式宾语。介词宾语不可以用which来引导。5、 某些形容词或过去分词之后常接宾语从句，这与通常我们对语法的认识相当不同。6、 同位语从句和定语从句要仔细区别。即是同一内容还是修饰关系。一般来说，我们可以将同位语从句改写成“主语 + be + 表语”结构。 这一转换，在区别reason后的从句是同位语从句还是定语从句时十分有效。名词性从句一、定义：在复合句中相当于一个名词，做主语、宾语、表语、同位语的从句。 二、引导词： 1. 连词: that , if, whether, as if 2. 连接代词: who , what, which, whose, whom以及wh+ever 3. 连接副词: when, where, why, because, how 三、引导词的作用： 1. 连词只有连接的功能，而不在从句中充当句子成分。 2. 连接代词和连接副词不但有连接的功能，同时还要在从句中充当特定的句子成分，主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。 不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但有下列区别：1. whether可以引导主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句; if只能够引导宾语从句 2. 只用whether引导的情况: 1). 介词后的宾语从句只用whether Everything depends on whether the situation will improve. 2) 在有or, or not 时 I dont know whether or not hell come. 我不知道他是否来还是不来。 3) 在discuss,decide等某些动词后 The students are discussing whether they can finish the work in time. 4) 当由if引导宾语从句会产生歧义时，宜用whether Please tell me if you need the book. 此句可有两种解释： a. 请告诉我你是否需要这本书。 b. 如果你需要这本书，请告诉我 若想表示前一种意思时，则只能用whether. 5) 直接跟不定式时 Please tell us whether to go or stay. 请告诉我们去还是留。 3. 只用if的情况: 宾语从句为否定时 4. doubt后接从句时,若为肯定句则用whether或if 引导; 若为否定句或疑问句时则用that 引导 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。to后省name。同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 if, whether引导的名词从句 1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheor not构成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。主 语 从 句 基本概念 1 定义：在复合句中作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2 构成：关联词+简单句 3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： 连词that、whether; 疑问代词who, what, which; 疑问副词when, where, how, why 连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用; whether 能引导主语从句，而if不能。 That you dont like him has nothing to do with me. Whether John will do this experiment remains a question. 疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced. What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well. Which school will win the prize is not known. Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown. Whichever you take will be yours. Whoever wants this book may take it. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语 When they will start hasnt been decided yet. Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story. How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery. Why he often comes here is known to us all. 难点 1 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(well-known, obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common Knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)+that从句。如： Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 It is a fact that 事实是（常考）C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted. 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流受到污染。 D. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears / seems that （似乎） It happens that （碰巧） It occurred to me that （我突然想起） It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如： It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。 F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！ 2 注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 表 语 从 句 基本概念 1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2 构成：关联词+简单句 3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 (4).系动词的分类系动词有表示状态的；有表示状态变化的。表示状态的有：1） be, seem ,appear 等。2） look ,sound ,feel ,taste ,smell 等，由感官动词变化而来。意思为“看（听、摸、尝、闻）起来”。Mr. Li looks quite young. 李先生看起来很年轻。3） stand ,keep ,prove ,remain 等由不及物动词转化而来。The machine has been standing idle. 这台机器一直闲着不用。2.表示状态变化的：become ,get ,grow, fall, turn等He has fallen ill. 他已经病倒了。The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise (2006全国卷一)A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels分析: C feel是系动词,用主动形式表示被动意义.(5).表语从句和主语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句的相同点和不同点相同点：1.相同的关连词1） 连词2） 连接代词3） 连接副词2.从句均不能用逗号和主句隔开；用陈述语序。不同点：1.连词as if（好象，仿佛）引导表语从句（if不能引导表语从句）。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等，例如：It looked as if it was going to rain.2.连词because引导表语从句。例如：I think it is because you are doing too much. My anger is because he hadnt written to me for a long time.1.-I drive to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that _you had a few days off? (NMET1999)A.why B. when C. what D where分析：选A Why引导的表语从句中，why做原因状语。because与why最难区分。注意，why等于the reason .for ,是对一个陈述句的引申和强调。而because所引导的表语从句是对Why.?这一问句的回答。why前一般总是that is,this is.2. The question is _it is worth visiting. A. if B. as if C. whether D. how分析：选C whether引导表语从句3. This is _it happened. A. what B. when C. that D. how分析：选D how引导表语从句，说明事情的发生经过。4. This is _ the city lies. A. which B. what C. where D. when分析：选C where引导表语从句，表示城市所处的位置。5. He was ill .That is _he didnt come yesterday.A. when B. why C. how D. that 分析：B because引导表语从句，表示原因。6. That was _ I was thirteen I entered the No.1 Middle School. A. because B. why C. how D when分析：选D when引导表语从句，而此表语从句中when引导的是时间状语从句，其后另有主句。难点 1 连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2 引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义 The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person. 他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人。 3 the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，我们学生易犯“the reason is because” 的错误 The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and hard-working. 4 在表示命令order等，建议suggestion, advice等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略 His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem. 5 whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。 考题1 The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)A. when B. why C. whether D. that答案 D解析 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句，如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此，应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。考题2 You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree. (2004)A. why B. where C. what D. how答案 B解析下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999)A. why B. when C. what D. where答案 A解析下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语，下划线应填入表示“因此”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。考题4 _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海)A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that答案 A解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语，特指她所不理解的事情，应填入关系代词型的引导词what；第二个下划线处表示“因此”(指因某种原因所造成的后果，由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么”(指原因、理由，由because引导对应的名词性从句)， 应填入引导词why。考题5 _ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)A. What; because B. What; thatC. That; what D. That; because答案 B解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语，特指令校方骄傲的事情，应选用关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由，应由that引导对应的名词性从句。考题6 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _. (2003北京春)A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited答案 A解析 A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”； B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”； C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”； D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应，充当表语从句。宾 语 从 句 基本概念 1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2 构成：关联词+简单句 3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 注： that在引导宾语从句时也并非任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。) 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。) 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 (2) 从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 4 介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。 （这里的介词as to表对象？）Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。 难点 1 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 此句中it就是指后句，与一般语法有别。介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如： Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 Im afraid you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。 4 连词whether (or not)或if引导的宾语从句 if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句，意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。 5 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect,imagine,fancy等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6 宾语从句的时态变化规律： (1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 (2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 7.引导宾语从句的that何时不能省略大家知道，that 引导宾语从句时，一般可以省略，但在下列情况下，引导宾语从句的常常不可省略。 1).介词except ,but ,besides, in 等后跟that 引导的宾语从句时。 如：The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly. 那个瑞典人站着一动不动，只是嘴巴还微微在动。 2).That 引导的宾语从句和主句之间有插入语时。 如：I think, first of all, that we must believe in ourselves. 我认为，尤其重要的是，我们必须对自己有信心。He said, in his opinion, that Lei Feng was a good example of serving the people heart and soul. 他说，按照他的看法，雷锋是一个全心全意为人民服务的榜样。3).宾语从句为主从复合句且从句位于主句之前时。如：He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting. 他说，如果早回来的话，他会来参加会议的。Mary said that, as she was not well, she could not get the highest score in the mid-term exam. 马里说，因为身体不好，她不可能在期中考试中得分最高4).当it 作形式宾语，后接that 引导的宾语从句时。如：We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems. 我们已经表明，我们将学会处理各种难题We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal. 我们想当然地以为他们会接受这个建议的。 5).当that 引导的宾语从句后紧接着作主语的that (this )时，常不可省略。 如：Comrade Wang told me that that was why he was not a little tired. 王同志告诉我那就是为什么他非常疲劳的原因。He said that this was not his book, but his sisters. 他说这不是他的书，而是他姐姐的书6).宾语从句不止一个时，第一个that 可以省略，而其它的that 常不可省略。 如：I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say good-bye to us. 我认为今天下午天会放晴，他们会来向我们告别的。 7).当when,who, what ,where ,why ,how 等引导的从句与that 引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。 如：I know what the time is and that the wind remains low. 我知道现在是什么时候，且风仍然不大。Im sure where he lives and that he is living a happy life.我非常清楚他住在什么地方，而且他生活得很幸福。 8).that 引导的宾语从句位于句首时。 如：That she ever said such a thing I simply dont believe 我只是不相信她曾经说过这样一件事情。That you could complete the project so soon I never thought. 我完全没有想到这工程你们完成得这麽快。同 位 语 从 句 基本概念 1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。 2 用法： 同位语从句的先行词多为advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word, thought, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。 注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如： I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。 The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 难点 1 that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别： We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed. 我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。（定语从句） We expressed the hope that t