非谓语动词讲与练.doc

20101115编写：窦建光 使用时间： 年 月 日非谓语动词用法对比非谓语动词的句法功能: 1. 不定式主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状、同位语 2. 动名词主、表、宾、定、同位语 3.分 词表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状 知识要点： 一、不定式与动名词做主语： 1、 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。Collecting information about childrens health is his job. Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有： 常用结构：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. (常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.) It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. (常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.) 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing sth. Its (a) waste of time ones doing sth. Its worth while doing sth. 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语： 1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. My purpose is to teach them a lesson. 有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。 To be strict with students is to be responsible to them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth. 如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. 2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3、分词做表语: 现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人”的, 主语多数情况是sth. 过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主语多数是sb. exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed boring, bored confusing, confused encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired 现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。 The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语） With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时） 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。 The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语） The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态） He is well educated.（过去分词做表语） He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态） 注意: 过分除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。 He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a _ (frightening, frightened) voice. 三、不定式与动名词做宾语： 1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, demand, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。 2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语： 常见动词: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承认）,consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny（否认）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest (建议), understand, etc. 常见短语: be busy, be worth, burst out, feel like, cant help (忍不住), cant stand, set about, succeed in, be engaged in, persist in, insist on, be fond of, dream of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, spend/waste(in) be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/ones life ( energy, effort, time) to, make contributions to, admit to, owe to, 【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to后接名词,一般不接动名词】 3、某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式. 常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help 3. begin/start 三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:主语是sth.;本身用于进行时;做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.) A.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具 体的动作,多接不定式. I like_(play) chess during my spare time. I like_(play) at chess with the chess master now. B.) need, want require He wants _(repair) the bike for me. The bike needs/wants/ requires_(repair). C.) forget, remember, regret The light in the office is still on. I forgot _ (turn) it off. Ill never forget _(see) the musical comedy in New York. D.)Remember_( meet) me tonight. I remember _(take) to Beijing when I was a child. I regret _ (inform) you that you are dismissed. I regret _( not take ) his advice. E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help What do you mean _ (do ) with it? _(miss) the train means _(wait) for another two hours. Hes been trying _ (get) you on the phone. Lets try_ (knock) at the back door. He paused and went on _ (explain) the text to us. Go on _(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one. Wood is used to _(make) paper. He is used to _(get) up early. She couldnt help_( do ) the housework, for she was busy. People couldnt help_(laugh) at the foolish emperor in the procession. 4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。 The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired） The point wants referring to. This English novel is well worth reading. The situation in Russian required studying. 下列句子惯用不定式主动语态. The house is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。 He is not to blame for everything. 四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语： 1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语： 动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式: 常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc. I got them to join us in the discussion. They are waiting for the school bus to come. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days.（注suggest后不跟不定式做宾补。） We wish him to remain and accept the post.（注hope后不跟不定式做宾补。） 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式: 常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to. I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. 比较: I saw him crossing the road. He was seen _the road. I saw him carried downstairs. He was seen _ downstairs. 2、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, find, hear, feel, make, get, set, send, start, catch, have, leave, keep,等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。 We heard him _ (sing) the song when we came in. We have heard the song _ (sing) in Japanese. He watched the bed _ (carry) out of the door. He felt a great weight _ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。 How would you like your hair _ (cut)? 20101115编写：高三英语组 使用时间： 年 月 日五、非谓语动词做定语： 1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。 He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. Our monitor is the first to arrive. 2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别： 动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。 a walking stick 拐杖（动名词， a stick for walking） a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词， a car for sleeping） the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词） the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词） 3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。 a piece of disappointing news =a piece of news which disappointed us） in the following years =in the years that followed） a well dressed woman =a woman who is dressed well） a car parked at the gate =a car which was parked at the gate） 六、不定式与分词做状语： 1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语） To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语） All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语) 2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果： Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（条件状语） Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. (原因状语) He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.（伴随状语） 动名词的复合结构: 物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语) 代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语) My fathers being ill worried us greatly.=That my father was ill worried us greatly. His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess. Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the truth. What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties. I think the problem is their/them not having enough time. 注意: 若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格: The experiment cant be carried out because of the equipment being out of order. The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone. The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard. 存在句的非限定形式 存在句的非限定形式是there to和there being结构。这两种结构在用法上有相同点。为便于比较，我们把它们放在一起介绍。 1） 作介词补足成分 两种结构都可作介词补足成分。如果介词是for，便只能用there to be结构。 It is too early for there to be anyone around here. It is important for there to be a fire escape. 也能用在不及物动词+for之后: They planned for there to be another meeting. 如果介词不是for, 则要用 there being结构。 John was relying on there being another opportunity. 2） 作宾语 作宾语时, 通常用there to be结构。 Members like there to be plenty of choice. 能这样用的及物动词为数有限,常见的有expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等。 3） 作主语和状语 there being结构还能用作主语和状语。 There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage. There having been no rain, the ground was dry. 存在句的限定形式与非限定形式之间可以相互转换。 For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual. (=It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets.) 有时限定形式与非限定形式还可以结合使用。 It is said that there are troops on the frontier. =There are said to be troops on the frontier. 关系代词的省略: 1. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing. 2. He asks for the latest book there is on the shelf. 3. - What did the football player you were talking to want? - He would like to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world. 2010年全国各地英语高考单项填空题解析 （非谓语动词部分）1.(全国I卷27). Mrs. White showed her student some old maps _from the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing解析：根据选项此题考察非谓语动词，题干中空格划在名词maps后，空格后部分是对maps解释说明，因此此题考察非谓语动词做定语。非谓语动词做定语，首先判断动词与所修饰名词的主动还是被动关系，borrow和maps是被动关系，被动关系时非谓语动词形式有三种：to be done表示动作将要发生，being done表示动作正在发生，done表示动作已经完成，根据句意borrow的动作已经完成，因此选择C。句意：怀特夫人向学生们展示了从图书馆借来的一些老地图。2.(全国I卷34).With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_ presents for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought解析：动词不定式的一般式作目的状语。“买礼物”发生在“从银行取了一些钱”后，所以D不可以选。句意：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。3.(全国卷II 11).Though _ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome。A. surprise B was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised 解析：省略结构和非谓语动词考查。补完整为：Though he was surprised，跟后面句子的主语一致，可以省略主语和系动词。4.(安徽卷30). He had wonderful childhood, _with his mother to all corners of the wordA. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling解析：主语（he）与动词travel之间存在主动关系，故用traveling作伴随状语。5.(北京卷21). at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked解析：look与其逻辑主语I为主动关系，因此用looking6.(北京卷25). Im calling to enquire about the position in yesterdays China Daily.A. advertised B. to be advertise d C. advertising D. having advertised解析：the position肯定是被advertise的，此处的过去分词相当于一个定语从句：which was advertised。句意：我打电话来咨询一下昨天中国日报上刊登职位的信息。7.(福建卷25).Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock , supplies to Yushu, Oinghai province after the earthquake. A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent 解析：现在分词短语作伴随状语。8.(福建卷34). In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck解析：非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语thousands of holidaymakers thousands of holidaymakers之间存在被动关系，且该动作已经完成（被阻止.）。9.(湖南卷21). Listen! Do you hear someone _for help?A. calling B. call C. to call D. called解析：该空在句中为非谓语动词作宾补，根据 someone与call的主动关系排除D项。hear后接不定式作宾补时应省略to，由此排除C项。由listen可判断此处表示正在求救，故选A项。10.(湖南卷26) Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D . to struggle解析：该空，分词短语作时间状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系，故排除B项。由剧中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式。11.(湖南卷30). So far nobody has claimed the money _in the library.A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered解析：该空在句中作后置定语修饰the money，根据the money与discover的被动关系，排除C、D两项。B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思，根据句意“到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆所发现的钱”可判断选A项。 20101115编写：高三英语组 使用时间： 年 月 日12.(江苏卷28). The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,_ the students to return to their classrooms.A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled解析：现在分词短语作结果状语。即：在他捐献后的结果。13.(江西卷24). The lady walked around the shops, an eye out for bargains.A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep解析：句子主语lady和keep 之间是主动关系, 而且walk和keep 同时发生，现在分词短语作伴随状语。14.(江西卷32). There were many talented actors out there just waiting .A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D .being discovered解析：演员等待被发现,用被动,发现发生在等待之后,所以用不定式。 与11(湖南卷30)题进行比较。15.(辽宁卷25). We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found解析：考查非谓语动词。be astonished 后应该跟动词不定式做状语。句意：我们吃惊地发现那座庙仍然还是原来的状况。16.(辽宁卷35). Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles .A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized 解析：考查非谓语动词用法。宾语work和recognize之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。 =have+宾语+done的结构。句意：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学圈内得到认可。17.(山东卷23). I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed解析：句意应为“这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读练习要做。”由于时间状语before the end of this term表达未来的时间，所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来，充当readings的定语。注意不是have+宾语+done的结构。18.(山东卷29). The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 解析：非谓语动词作定语。table与“放置”这个动作之间主存在逻辑上的被动关系。桌子应该是被放置，选择laid。19.(陕西卷16)._from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see 解析：此处是非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词，选A。20.(陕西卷19). His first book next month is based on a true story. A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published解析：非谓语动词做后置定语，由时间状语next month可知所填非谓语动词表示将来的动作，用动词不定式，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词book,不定式与逻辑主语是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式，选B。21.(四川卷11). In many peoples opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant . A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with解析：考查不定式句型sb./sth. is adj./n. to do。该句型相当于to do sth. is adj./n.。命题人在该句型中插入了though状语，有一定的干扰。此题实际是that company is pleasant to deal with= to deal with that company is pleasant。22.(四川卷4) A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning解析：question与students存在被动关系，question表示的动作也已完成，故用过去分词。23.(四川卷17). The lawyer listened with full attention， to miss any point. A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try解析：句中listen和try not to miss为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式做伴随状语。又动词不定式的否定式要在其前加not.故选B。24.(天津卷12). I rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces.A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause解析：空格后serious flooding是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。句意：南方下了大雨，造成好几个省分的严重洪灾。25.(重庆卷30). The news shocked the public, to great concern about students safety at school.A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead解析：The news和lead之间是主动关系，并作shocked的伴随状语，所以用leading。句意：这个消息使公众震惊，也引起了人们对学生在校安全的关注。26.(重庆卷34). Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one first is the library.A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired解析：the one指代前面提到的buildings与repair是动宾关系，由前半句房屋需要修缮可知修缮这个动作发生在need之后，所以用to be repaired.25.(浙江卷8). The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _ regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out解析：=if proper amounts of exercise are carried out句意：这个实验表明合理的运动量可以促进我们的健康，如果运动量有规律的进行的话。27.(浙江卷20). The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing解析：根据句子结构：主语：the traffic rule；谓语动词：says；宾语从句：young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat。宾语从句中的主干为：young children must be in a child safety seat。under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds用于修饰宾语从句主语children。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。句意：交通法则规定四岁以下并且体重不超过四十磅的婴儿必须坐在婴儿安全座上。29.(上海卷32). I had great difficulty the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.A. find B. found C. to find D. finding解析：have difficulty(in)doing sth.的结构：做某事有困难。30.(上海卷33). Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues_ with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 解析：过去分词作宾语补足语。与它所修饰的her colleagues存在被动关系。（be）amused with31.(上海卷35). the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 解析：现在分词作时间状语，此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。32.(上海卷40). That is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students bathrooms.A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce解析：此处应该用不定式the way to do sth表示做的途径、方式。the only way to do,we can imagine