TRANSPORT - Blog Biology A+运输-博客生物学.doc

BIOLOGY MODULE 2012LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORTActivity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animalsThe circulatory system is divided into a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system. Humans, fish, amphibians and birds have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open circulatory system. Unlike fish which have a single circulatory system, amphibians, birds and humans have a double circulatory system.The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart. Blood is made up of blood cells and plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma consists of water, plasma proteins, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones and antibodies. Blood vessels are divided into three types; arteries, veins and capillaries.The heart is the organ that pumps blood, which carries all the vital materials that help the body function and waste products that the body does not need.Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below. Circulatory systemFish Open Double circulatory systemconsists ofexampleexample HumanBirds HeartBlood vessel consists of Plasmamade up ofconsists of Red blood cellActivity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functionsWrite the correct cell due to its function.Cellular componentFunctionContains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxideLeucocytes (white blood cell)GranularPhagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cellsReleases enzyme that combat inflammation in allergic reactions.Kills parasitic worms.Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.AgranularProduces the immune response against foreign substances.Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cellsInvolved in the process of blood clotting.Activity 3 : Blood vesselsComparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.Blood vesselsArteriesCapillariesVeinsFunctionAllow rapid gaseous exchange, nutrients, waste and hormones between the blood and cellsCarry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein)towards the heartThe thickness of the wallThinnest (one-cell thick)ValvesNo valves, except semi-lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteryThe size of lumenSmallLargeActivity 4 : The Human HeartThe heart consists of four chambers: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles.The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. The bicuspid valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract. Semi-lunar (mitral) valves are present at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles.Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.Pulmonary veinSeptumThe wall of left ventricleChorda tendinaeSuperior vena cavaRight atriumLeft atrium Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heartFill in the blanks.1.Vena cava carry d_ _ blood right a_ through t_ valve right v_ through s _ valves p_ arteries lungs.2.Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by p_ veins lefta_ through b_ valve left v_ through s_ valves aorta. Activity 6 : The pumping of the heartMatch the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in the pumping of the heart : 3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push blood out to the lungs and body.2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heartActivity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humansComplete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects, fish, amphibians and humans.OrganismsInsectsFishAmphibiansHumansType of circulatory systemOpenClosed-SingleDoubleSeparation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood-IncompleteNumber of chambers in the heart(A single blood vessel forms the heart)FourActivity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood ClottingComplete the schematic diagram below.Agglutination of platelets stimulatesDamaged blood vesselssecretesF_(insoluble protein)Blood clotting Vitamin KProthrombinT_F_ (soluble protein) Ca+LiverT_Activity 9 : The Lymphatic SystemATick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.1.Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles anddead leucocytes.( )2.Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells.( )3.Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source.( )4.Lymph is in the blood vessels.( )5.Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, mineralsand hormones but no lymphocytes.( )6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein.( ) 7.Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid.( )8.Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells.( )9.Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic ductto be returned to the circulatory system.( )10.Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema.( )B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding thelymphatic system.1.The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of s_m_ around it.2.Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :(a)by diffusing back into the t d and the r _ l d_(b)through the c_ into the circulatory system.Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence MechanismComplete the schematic diagram below.consists ofconsists ofconsists ofM_m_S_LymphocytePhagocytic white blood cellT_is divided intoFirst line of defenceS_is involved inDefence mechanismLymphatic systemActivity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy thingsMatch each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.Antibodies can clamp pathogens together. The clumping makes the pathogens easy targets for phagocytes to capture and destroy.Opsonins are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognize the antigens and destroy them.Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the antigens to rupture or disintegrateAn antibody can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing damage. Activity 12 : ImmunityThe schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.Types of immunityAntibodies are required from the mother- A serum which contains antibodies or a_ can be injected from the donors.- Temporary immunity- A foetus receives maternal antibodies through p_.- Babies acquire the immunity through breastfeeding.- Temporary immunity- A v _ stimulates the body to produce antibodies.- The body has acquired immunity through vaccination. - A_ are produced in response to the antigens.- The person is immune after he has been infected by it.- Permanent immunitycharacteristicsH_, d_ _, p_example is divide intoC_p_T_Passive immunityActive immunityNaturally acquiredArtificially acquiredArtificially acquiredNaturally acquired Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in PlantsA. Complete the schematic diagram below.PLANTSdue toC_ and a_ in the xylemvia three mechanisms T_Root pressureTranspiration pullTransport of w_ and m_ from roots to leavesfunction individed into types of transportTransport of o_ s_through translocationP_XylemSample questions.1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system. Figure 1(a)Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation. ( i )P : _Description : _ (i i)Q : _Description : _ ( 4 marks )(b)On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q. Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ( 1 mark ) (c)The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic pacemaker works._ ( 3 marks )(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.Blood vesselVolume / cm3Pressure / kPaX10013.3Y3000.3Table 1 ( i)Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer._ ( 2 marks ) (ii)Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X._ ( 2 marks )2. Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart. Figure 2(a)On Figure 2,( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )(b)( i)Which chamber is relax?_ (ii)Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).1. _2. _ ( 3 marks )(c)( i)State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z._ (ii)Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i)._ ( 2 marks )(d) )( i)Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?_ (ii)Explain your answer in (d)(i)._ ( 2 marks )3.Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during the treatment to acquire immunity. (a)Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.Individual P : _Individual Q : _ ( 2 marks )(b)State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and Q. Explain your answer._ _ ( 2 marks )(c)State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.Individual P : _Individual Q : _ ( 2 marks )(d)Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes, antibiotics and