简易波形发生器-综合课程设计报告.docx

电子科技大学综合课程设计 自动化工程学院自动化工程学院综合课程设计题 目 ： 简易波形发生器指导老师 ： 学生姓名： 目 录1 题目要求21.1设计任务21.2参数及功能要求21.1推荐芯片22 方案设计22.1整体规划32.1系统结构框图33 硬件电路33.1硬件资源分配33.2 AT89C52芯片43.3.1基本特点43.3.2管脚功能53.3波形转换电路63.3.1基本特点63.3.2管脚功能63.4显示接口电路73.3.1基本特点73.3.2管脚功能73.5独立按键电路83.6电源电路94软件设计95仿真106 调试与分析116.1调试116.2结果分析126.3心得体会127计划安排、人员分工及经费需求126.1计划安排126.2人员分工126.3经费预算128参考文献13附录一元器件列表14附录二 简易波形发生器C程序151题目要求1.1设计任务不使用专用DDS芯片，设计制作一个低成本的波形发生器，该波形发生器能产生正弦波、方波和三角波。示意图如下1.2参数及功能要求1. 具有产生正弦波、方波、三角波三种周期性波形的功能。输出波形的频率范围为100Hz20kHz（非正弦波频率按10次谐波计算）；重复频率可调，频率步进间隔100Hz，准确度：100ppm2.输出波形的阻抗为503.输出波形幅度范围0.1Vpp5Vpp，可按步进0.1Vpp调整，准确度：5%30mVpp4.具有显示输出波形的类型、重复频率（周期）和幅度的功能1.3推荐芯片微控制器：8051单片机系列DAC:AD5424运放：TL0742 方案设计本次综合课程设计要求实现的任务是设计一款信号发生器，能够产生正弦波、三角波和方波，不使用专用的DDS芯片，频率范围在100Hz20kHz(步进100Hz)，幅值在05V可调(步进0.1V)，并且兼具一定的精确度；同时能够显示出正在输出的波形种类、频率和幅值。2.1 整体规划根据我们对于设计要求的评估以及指导老师给出的建议，我们制定了这样的整体方案：以AT89C52单片机为控制的核心，进行C语言和汇编语言综合编程，从而达到产生波形、控制I/O端口的作用目的。具体接口分配是这样的：P1口接DAC进行数模转换，由运放对DAC产生的波形幅值进行控制，从而满足输出幅值和输出阻抗的要求。P3口接独立按键，通过控制波形种类以及频率、幅值步进的方法对输出进行控制。P0口接LCD,显示波形种类、频率和幅值。对于频率信号的产生，我们准备设计基于三个波形表格，存储在AT89C52芯片当中。频率的改变采用DDS直接数字合成原理，单片机外接11.0592MHz晶振，步进M通过软件调整，幅值的改变用滑动变阻器改变DAC参考电压来实现。2.2总体设计框图3 硬件电路本系统由单片机AT89C52单片机最小系统、独立按键控制电路、LCD显示电路和信号输出滤波电路等几部分组成。3.1 硬件资源分配合理分配软、硬件资源是成功设计的前提。为了满足设计的要求，我们这里做如下资源分配：单片机用11.0592MHz晶振。P0口与LCD相连，显示当前的波形信息；P3接独立按键，P1接DAC和后续的稳幅滤波电路。下面将分别阐述各部分的工作原理和电路图。通过proteus设计的电路图如下：3.2 AT89C52芯片AT89C52的结构如右图所示，它是一个低电压，高性能CMOS 8位单片机，片内含8k bytes的可反复擦写的Flash只读程序存储器和256 bytes的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器和Flash存储单元，AT89C52单片机在电子行业中有着广泛的应用。AT89C52有40个引脚，32个外部双向输入/输出(I/O)端口，同时内含2个外中断口，3个16位可编程定时计数器,2个全双工串行通信口，2 个读写口线，AT89C52可以按照常规方法进行编程，也可以在线编程。其将通用的微处理器和Flash存储器结合在一起，特别是可反复擦写的 Flash存储器可有效地降低开发成本。AT89C52为8 位通用微处理器，采用工业标准的 C51内核，在内部功能及管脚排布上与通用的8xc52 相同，其主要用于会聚调整时的功能控制。功能包括对会聚主IC 内部寄存器、数据RAM及外部接口等功能部件的初始化，会聚调整控制，会聚测试图控制，红外遥控信号IR的接收解码及与主板CPU通信等。3.2.1基本特点l 兼容MCS51指令系统l 8kB可反复擦写(大于1000次）Flash ROM；l 32个双向I/O口；l 256x8bit内部RAM；l 3个16位可编程定时/计数器中断；l 时钟频率0-24MHz；l 2个串行中断，可编程UART串行通道；l 2个外部中断源，共8个中断源；l 2个读写中断口线，3级加密位；l 低功耗空闲和掉电模式，软件设置睡眠和唤醒功能；l 有PDIP、PQFP、TQFP及PLCC等几种封装形式，以适应不同产品的需求。3.2.2管脚功能TAL1（19 脚）和XTAL2（18 脚）为振荡器输入输出端口，外接12MHz 晶振。RST/Vpd（9 脚）为复位输入端口，外接电阻电容组成的复位电路。VCC（40 脚）和VSS（20 脚）为供电端口，分别接+5V电源的正负端。P0P3 为可编程通用I/O 脚，其功能用途由软件定义，在本设计中，P0 端口（3239 脚）被定义为N1 功能控制端口，分别与N1的相应功能管脚相连接，13 脚定义为IR输入端，10 脚和11脚定义为I2C总线控制端口，分别连接N1的SDAS（18脚）和SCLS（19脚）端口，12 脚、27 脚及28 脚定义为握手信号功能端口，连接主板CPU 的相应功能端，用于当前制式的检测及会聚调整状态进入的控制功能。3.3波形转换电路DAC0832拥有与AD5424相当的分辨率和位数，而且它的使用比后者要更加广泛，价格低廉，使用方法容易找寻，因此我们经过再三考虑选它做数模转换电路的核心芯片。DAC0832是8分辨率的D/A转换集成芯片。与微处理器完全兼容。这个DA芯片以其价格低廉、接口简单、转换控制容易等优点，在单片机应用系统中得到广泛的应用。D/A转换器由8位输入锁存器、8位DAC寄存器、8位D/A转换电路及转换控制电路构成。3.3.1基本特点l 分辨率为8位；l 电流稳定时间1us；l 可单缓冲、双缓冲或直接数字输入；l 只需在满量程下调整其线性度；l 单一电源供电（+5V+15V）；l 低功耗，20mW。3.3.2管脚功能D0D7：8位数据输入线，TTL电平，有效时间应大于90ns(否则锁存器的数据会出错)；ILE：数据锁存允许控制信号输入线，高电平有效；CS：片选信号输入线（选通数据锁存器），低电平有效；WR1：数据锁存器写选通输入线，负脉冲（脉宽应大于500ns）有效。由ILE、CS、WR1的逻辑组合产生LE1，当LE1为高电平时，数据锁存器状态随输入数据线变换，LE1的负跳变时将输入数据锁存；XFER：数据传输控制信号输入线，低电平有效，负脉冲（脉宽应大于500ns）有效；WR2：DAC寄存器选通输入线，负脉冲（脉宽应大于500ns）有效。由WR2、XFER的逻辑组合产生LE2，当LE2为高电平时，DAC寄存器的输出随寄存器的输入而变化，LE2的负跳变时将数据锁存器的内容打入DAC寄存器并开始D/A转换。IOUT1：电流输出端1，其值随DAC寄存器的内容线性变化；IOUT2：电流输出端2，其值与IOUT1值之和为一常数；Rfb：反馈信号输入线，改变Rfb端外接电阻值可调整转换满量程精度；Vcc：电源输入端，Vcc的范围为+5V+15V；VREF：基准电压输入线，VREF的范围为-10V+10V；AGND：模拟信号地；DGND：数字信号地3.4显示接口电路LCD1602液晶也叫1602字符型液晶，它是一种专门用来显示字母、数字、符号等的点阵型液晶模块。它由若干个5X7或者5X11等点阵字符位组成，每个点阵字符位都可以显示一个字符，每位之间有一个点距的间隔，每行之间也有间隔，起到了字符间距和行间距的作用，正因为如此所以它不能很好地显示图形。LCD1602是指显示的内容为16X2,即可以显示两行，每行16个字符液晶模块（显示字符和数字）。市面上字符液晶大多数是基于HD44780液晶芯片的，控制原理是完全相同的，因此基于HD44780写的控制程序可以很方便地应用于市面上大部分的字符型液晶。这款显示器具有微功耗、体积小、显示内容丰富、超薄轻巧的特点，常用在袖珍式仪表和低功耗应用系统中。3.4.1基本特点l 3.3V或5V工作电压，对比度可调l 内含复位电路l 提供各种控制命令,如：清屏、字符闪烁、光标闪烁、显示移位等多种功能l 有80字节显示数据存储器DDRAMl 内建有192个5X7点阵的字型的字符发生器CGROMl 8个可由用户自定义的5X7的字符发生器CGRAM3.4.2管脚功能1602采用标准的16脚接口，其中：第1脚：GND为电源地第2脚：VCC接5V电源正极第3脚：V0为液晶显示器对比度调整端，接正电源时对比度最弱，接地电源时对比度最高（对比度过高时会 产生“鬼影”，使用时可以通过一个10K的电位器调整对比度）。第4脚：RS为寄存器选择，高电平1时选择数据寄存器、低电平0时选择指令寄存器。第5脚：RW为读写信号线，高电平(1)时进行读操作，低电平(0)时进行写操作。第6脚：E(或EN)端为使能(enable)端,高电平（1）时读取信息，负跳变时执行指令。第714脚：D0D7为8位双向数据端。第1516脚：空脚或背灯电源。15脚背光正极，16脚背光负极。3.5独立按键电路我们选择独立按键而不是矩阵键盘进行步进的控制，主要是基于以下考虑：我们要设计的信号发生器的频率步进和幅值步进都不算高，而且步进的级数只有20个左右，通过按键足够转换的过来；设计独立按键需要设计的软件程序更简单，有利于系统的运行。3.5电源电路4软件设计设计思路：由5个独立按键分别对应正弦波，方波，三角波，频率加，频率减。频率别由变量M控制，频率加、减分别对应M+1、M-1。主程序由初始化程序和一个无限循环构成，循环内是独立按键程序，各独立按键程序内有对应LCD显示程序。输出函数放在各波形对应独立按键程序中。这样通过复位键和波形、频率、幅值独立按键即可实现在运行过程中的波形、频率、幅值切换。4 仿真在Proteus上，我们进行了仿真，仿真结果如下图所示。同时，我们还利用现有的实验板测试了部分功能，主要是显示功能，示例图片如下：6 调试及分析6.1调试用信号源提供12V电源，用示波器显示输出波形，调试最后结果与仿真结果基本一致。6.2 结果分析结合实际情况，我们组最后实现了正弦波方波三角波的输出，LCD波形和频率的显示，按键控制波形选择和频率设置，硬件控制幅度调节，基本做到了功能的实现，但距离要求的指标还有一些距离。6.2 心得体会通过这次课程设计，我们学会了如何运用理论知识解决实际问题，学会了使用各种软件进行电路设计，程序编写，结果仿真等等，在具体调试的过程中，我们不断遇到问题，解决问题，学到了一些实际操作中才能遇到的问题的解决办法，提高了我们分析问题并解决问题的能力，收获特别大，在这次课程设计中，我们也认识到了自身的不足，缺乏动手能力，眼高手低等毛病急需解决，在今后的学习生活中，我们会更加注重这方面能力的培养，弥补自己的不足，争取早日成为一名工程技术型人才。7 计划安排、人员分工及经费需求7.1计划安排10月 深入学习单片机构造和C语言11月 熟悉AD15，Proteus等软件的操作12月初 确定整体框架12月中旬 开始编写程序、画电路图12月底 仿真1月 调试7.2人员分工7.3经费需求经费共需要约100元。（元器件列表见附录一）8 参考文献1张义和.Altium Designer完全电路设计电路图篇M.北京：机械工业出版社.2童诗白，华成英模拟电子技术基础（第四版）M.北京：高等教育出版社.3何立民.MCS-5系列单片机应用系统设计-系统配置与接口技术M.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.4唐丽丽，何刚，文小森，等.基于80C51的信号发生器设计仪表技术与传感器J.2007年第2期.5陈华敏，任立民，等.基于AT89C51的信号发生器设计现代电子技术J.2011年第34卷第2期.6赵伟军.Protel99SE教程M.北京：人民邮电出版社.附录一 元器件列表器件名称数量价格STC89C52最小系统板18.90STC89C52芯片14.35元DAC0832芯片225.8元LCD160216.5元运算放大器OP0711.25元电容若干5.8元电阻若干2.9元晶振20.43元7805三端稳压管22.4元7905三端稳压管33.05元按键若干1.7元洞洞板26.1元下载线15.7焊锡111.5杜邦线若干5.4元排插若干0.1元电源线11.3元总计93.18附录二 简易波形发生器C程序#include #define LCD1602_DATAPINS P0#define uchar unsigned char #define uint unsigned int#define DAC8023 P1sbit LCD1602_E=P27;sbit LCD1602_RW=P25;sbit LCD1602_RS=P26;sbit key1=P30;sbit key2=P31;sbit key3=P32;sbit key4=P33;sbit key5=P34;unsigned int i;unsigned char m;unsigned char Sinwave=Sine ;unsigned char Squrewave=Square;unsigned char Triwave=Triang;unsigned char Waveform=WaveForm: ;unsigned char Freq=Freq = ;unsigned char Freq0=00 Hz ;/正弦波935点code sin=127,126,125,124,124,123,122,121,120,119,118,118,117,116,115,114,113,113,112,111,110,109,108,107,107,106,105,104,103,102,102,101,100,99,98,97,97,96,95,94,93,92,92,91,90,89,88,88,87,86,85,84,84,83,82,81,80,80,79,78,77,76,76,75,74,73,73,72,71,70,69,69,68,67,66,66,65,64,63,63,62,61,61,60,59,58,58,57,56,55,55,54,53,53,52,51,51,50,49,49,48,47,47,46,45,45,44,43,43,42,41,41,40,40,39,38,38,37,37,36,35,35,34,34,33,32,32,31,31,30,30,29,29,28,27,27,26,26,25,25,24,24,23,23,22,22,21,21,21,20,20,19,19,18,18,17,17,17,16,16,15,15,14,14,14,13,13,13,12,12,11,11,11,10,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,8,8,7,7,7,6,6,6,6,5,5,5,5,5,4,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,10,10,10,11,11,11,12,12,12,13,13,14,14,14,15,15,15,16,16,17,17,18,18,18,19,19,20,20,21,21,22,22,23,23,24,24,25,25,26,26,27,27,28,28,29,29,30,30,31,32,32,33,33,34,34,35,36,36,37,37,38,39,39,40,40,41,42,42,43,44,44,45,46,46,47,48,48,49,50,50,51,52,52,53,54,54,55,56,57,57,58,59,59,60,61,62,62,63,64,65,65,66,67,68,68,69,70,71,71,72,73,74,74,75,76,77,78,78,79,80,81,82,82,83,84,85,86,86,87,88,89,90,90,91,92,93,94,95,95,96,97,98,99,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,105,106,107,108,109,110,110,111,112,113,114,115,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,127,-126,-125,-124,-123,-122,-121,-121,-120,-119,-118,-117,-116,-115,-115,-114,-113,-112,-111,-110,-110,-109,-108,-107,-106,-105,-105,-104,-103,-102,-101,-100,-99,-99,-98,-97,-96,-95,-95,-94,-93,-92,-91,-90,-90,-89,-88,-87,-86,-86,-85,-84,-83,-82,-82,-81,-80,-79,-78,-78,-77,-76,-75,-74,-74,-73,-72,-71,-71,-70,-69,-68,-68,-67,-66,-65,-65,-64,-63,-62,-62,-61,-60,-59,-59,-58,-57,-57,-56,-55,-54,-54,-53,-52,-52,-51,-50,-50,-49,-48,-48,-47,-46,-46,-45,-44,-44,-43,-42,-42,-41,-40,-40,-39,-39,-38,-37,-37,-36,-36,-35,-34,-34,-33,-33,-32,-32,-31,-30,-30,-29,-29,-28,-28,-27,-27,-26,-26,-25,-25,-24,-24,-23,-23,-22,-22,-21,-21,-20,-20,-19,-19,-18,-18,-18,-17,-17,-16,-16,-15,-15,-15,-14,-14,-14,-13,-13,-12,-12,-12,-11,-11,-11,-10,-10,-10,-9,-9,-9,-8,-8,-8,-7,-7,-7,-7,-6,-6,-6,-6,-5,-5,-5,-5,-4,-4,-4,-4,-4,-3,-3,-3,-3,-3,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-2,-3,-3,-3,-3,-3,-3,-4,-4,-4,-4,-5,-5,-5,-5,-5,-6,-6,-6,-6,-7,-7,-7,-8,-8,-8,-8,-9,-9,-9,-10,-10,-10,-11,-11,-11,-12,-12,-13,-13,-13,-14,-14,-14,-15,-15,-16,-16,-17,-17,-17,-18,-18,-19,-19,-20,-20,-21,-21,-21,-22,-22,-23,-23,-24,-24,-25,-25,-26,-26,-27,-27,-28,-29,-29,-30,-30,-31,-31,-32,-32,-33,-34,-34,-35,-35,-36,-37,-37,-38,-38,-39,-40,-40,-41,-41,-42,-43,-43,-44,-45,-45,-46,-47,-47,-48,-49,-49,-50,-51,-51,-52,-53,-53,-54,-55,-55,-56,-57,-58,-58,-59,-60,-61,-61,-62,-63,-63,-64,-65,-66,-66,-67,-68,-69,-69,-70,-71,-72,-73,-73,-74,-75,-76,-76,-77,-78,-79,-80,-80,-81,-82,-83,-84,-84,-85,-86,-87,-88,-88,-89,-90,-91,-92,-92,-93,-94,-95,-96,-97,-97,-98,-99,-100,-101,-102,-102,-103,-104,-105,-106,-107,-107,-108,-109,-110,-111,-112,-113,-113,-114,-115,-116,-117,-118,-118,-119,-120,-121,-122,-123,-124,-124,-125,-126,-126;/方波935点code squ=0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF;/三角波935点code tri=127,126,126,125,125,124,124,123,123,122,122,121,120,120,119,119,118,118,117,117,116,116,115,114,114,113,113,112,112,111,111,110,110,109,108,108,107,107,106,106,105,105,104,104,103,102,102,101,101,100,100,99,99,98,98,97,96,96,95,95,94,94,93,93,92,92,91,90,90,89,89,88,88,87,87,86,86,85,84,84,83,83,82,82,81,81,80,80,79,78,78,77,77,76,76,75,75,74,74,73,73,72,71,71,70,70,69,69,68,68,67,67,66,65,65,64,64,63,63,62,62,61,61,60,59,59,58,58,57,57,56,56,55,55,54,53,53,52,52,51,51,50,50,49,49,48,47,47,46,46,45,45,44,44,43,43,42,41,41,40,40,39,39,38,38,37,37,36,35,35,34,34,33,33,32,32,31,31,30,29,29,28,28,27,27,26,26,25,25,24,23,23,22,22,21,21,20,20,19,19,18,17,17,16,16,15,15,14,14,13,13,12,11,11,10,10,9,9,8,8,7,7,6,5,5,4,4,3,3,2,2,1,1,0,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,17,17,18,19,19,20,20,21,21,22,22,23,23,24,25,25,26,26,27,27,28,28,29,29,30,31,31,32,32,33,33,34,34,35,35,36,37,37,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,42,43,43,44,44,45,45,46,46,47,47,48,49,49,50,50,51,51,52,52,53,53,54,55,55,56,56,57,57,58,58,59,59,60,61,61,62,62,63,63,64,64,65,65,66,67,67,68,68,69,69,70,70,71,71,72,73,73,74,74,75,75,76,76,77,77,78,78,79,80,80,81,81,82,82,83,83,84,84,85,86,86,87,87,88,88,89,89,90,90,91,92,92,93,93,94,94,95,95,96,96,97,98,98,99,99,100,100,101,101,102,102,103,104,104,105,105,106,106,107,107,108,108,109,110,110,111,111,112,112,113,113,114,114,115,116,116,117,117,118,118,119,119,120,120,121,122,122,123,123,124,124,125,125,126,126,127,127,-126,-125,-125,-124,-124,-123,-123,-122,-122,-121,-120,-120,-119,-119,-118,-118,-117,-117,-116,-116,-115,-114,-114,-113,-113,-112,-112,-111,-111,-110,-110,-109,-108,-108,-107,-107,-106,-106,-105,-105,-104,-104,-103,-102,-102,-101,-101,-100,-100,-99,-99,-98,-98,-97,-96,-96,-95,-95,-94,-94,-93,-93,-92,-92,-91,-90,-90,-89,-89,-88,-88,-87,-87,-86,-86,-85,-84,-84,-83,-83,-82,-82,-81,-81,-80,-80,-79,-78,-78,-77,-77,-76,-76,-75,-75,-74,-74,-73,-73,-72,-71,-71,-70,-70,-69,-69,-68,-68,-67,-67,-66,-65,-65,-64,-64,-63,-63,-62,-62,-61,-61,-60,-59,-59,-58,-58,-57,-57,-56,-56,-55,-55,-54,-53,-53,-52,-52,-51,-51,-50,-50,-49,-49,-48,-47,-47,-46,-46,-45,-45,-44,-44,-43,-43,-42,-41,-41,-40,-40,-39,-39,-38,-38,-37,-37,-36,-35,-35,-34,-34,-33,-33,-32,-32,-31,-31,-30,-29,-29,-28,-28,-27,-27,-26,-26,-25,-25,-24,-23,-23,-22,-22,-21,-21,-20,-20,-19,-19,-18,-17,-17,-16,-16,-15,-15,-14,-14,-13,-13,-12,-11,-11,-10,-10,-9,-9,-8,-8,-7,-7,-6,-5,-5,-4,-4,-3,-3,-2,-2,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-2,-2,-3,-3,-4,-4,-5,-5,-6,-7,-7,-8,-8,-9,-9,-10,-10,-11,-11,-12,-13,-13,-14,-14,-15,-15,-16,-16,-17,-17,-18,-19,-19,-20,-20,-21,-21,-22,-22,-23,-23,-24,-25,-25,-26,-26,-27,-27,-28,-28,-29,-29,-30,-31,-31,-32,-32,-33,-33,-34,-34,-35,-35,-36,-37,-37,-38,-38,-39,-39,-40,-40,-41,-41,-42,-43,