《管理学精要》word版.doc

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SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS P221. Explain what the term manager means, and identify different types of managers. A manager is a person responsible for work performance of other people. Management is the process of using organizational resources to achieve specific objectives through the functions of planning, organizing and staffing, leading, and controlling. Organizational levels consist of toplevel managers, middle-level managers, first-level managers, and individual contributors. Categories of managers include functional managers (who deal with specialties within the firm) and general managers, administrators (typically managers in nonprofit firms), entrepreneurs (those who start innovative businesses), small-business owners, and team leaders.2.Describe the process of management, including the functions of management To accomplish organiza tional goals, managers use resources and carry out the basic management functions. Resources are divided into four categories: human, financial, physical, and informational. Top-level managers emphasize high-level planning, whereas first-level managers concentrate on person-to-person leadership. Executives place more emphasis on monitoring the environment than do managers in the other two levels.3.Describe the various managerial roles. The work of a manager can be divided into 17roles that relate to the four major functions. Planning roles include strategic planner and operational planner. Organizing and staffing calls for the organizer, liaison, staffing coordinator, resource allocator, and task delegator roles. Leading roles include figurehead, spokesperson, negotiator, coach, team builder, team player, technical problem solver, and entreprerttur. Controlling involves the monitor and disturbance handling roles. Managerial work has shifted substantially away from the controller and director role to that of coach, facilitator, and supporter. Top-level managers occupy more external roles than do lower-ranking managers.4. Identify the basic managerial skills and understand how they can be developed. Managers need interpersonal, conceptual, diagnostic, and political skills to accomplish their jobs. An effective way of developing managerial skills is to follow a general learning model. The model involves conceptual knowledge, behavioral guidelines, following examples, skill development exercises, and feedback. Management skills are also acquired through a combination of education and experience.5.Identify the major developments in the evolution of management thought, along with several best management practices. Management practice has an almost unlimited history, whereas the formal study of management began as part of the Industrial Revolution. The major developments in management thought and the history of management are (1) the classical approach (scientific management and administrative management); (2) the human resources approach; (3) quantitative approaches to management; (4) the systems approach; (5) the contingency approach; and (6) the information technology era. The best practices of managers today include elements of the six major developments in management thought.KEY TERMS AND PHRASEManager, 2 Scientific management, 16 Management, 2 Administrative management, 17 Top-level managers, 2 Human resources approach to management, 17Middle-level managers, 3 Hawthorne effect, 18First-level managers, Quantitative approach to management, 19Entrepreneur, 5 Systems perspective, 19 Small-business owner, 5 Entropy, 20Team leader, 5 Synergy, 20Role, 8 Contingency approach to management, 20Multiculturalism, 14 SUMMARY