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m初中英语语法总结 ( 动词的时态) 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 Would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing:对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the . 名 词在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点:一、 可数名词与不可数名词在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如:1desk-desks bed-beds piano-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos 2bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes3tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoeshero-heroes Negro-Negroes 4 leaf-leaves knife-knives5baby-babies family-families另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如:Chinese-Chinese Japanese-JapaneseEnglishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenRussian-Russians American-Americans German - Germanschild-children foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goose - geesedeer-deer sheep-sheep还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如:Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。)His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays.二、 名词所有格名词所有格有两种形式:一是加s,一种是用of来表示。一般情况下,指某人的某物用s表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加s,而应该加-即可。例如,boys clothes girls dresses。 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the bosss handwriting,其中the bosss 的-s不可省略。因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Joness car。下面我们来做一部分习题。1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens答案:D2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any答案:B3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks答案:D4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read答案:B5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many答案:C6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks答案:A7. _ has been invited to the dancing party.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her答案:B下面请大家自己练习一下。1. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers答案:B2. -Can I help you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper答案:B3. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all答案:A4. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health答案:A What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语! How + 主语 + 谓语! 5. Im going to help _ with _ English.A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancys, her C. a friend of Nancys, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her答案:B6. The two desks here are _. You may use the desk over there.A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and JanesD. Marys and Janes答案:D 形容词和副词在中考单项选择中形容词也占一定比例,一般考查有关形容词或副词的一些搭配,但绝大部分考查形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。一、 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est,如:small - smaller - smallest 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 r或 st,如large - largest - largest 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 er或-est.busy-busier-busiesthappy-happier-happiest但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most,如:slowly - more slowly - most slowlydifficult-more difficult-most difficultbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful但还有一些不规则的变化:good / well-better-bestmany-more-mostbad / ill / badly -worse-worstlittle-less-leastfar - farther / further - farther / furthest二、 形容词和副词的等比句型asas 和一样 Im as tall as you. not as(so)as 不和 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)如,I cant run so fast as you. 另外asas possible 为固定结构,如,as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。三、形容词和副词的其它句型还有: 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。 He is older than I / me. 但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如, Tom found more red leaves than I did. “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。如, The more you learn, the more youll know. “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: Im getting thinner and thinner.四、修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。如: The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。五、形容词的一些搭配,如:be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事get ready to do 为做好准备 等等。下面我们来看一些例题。1 The Yellow River is one of _ in China.A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long river答案:A2. Does he speak Chinese _ his brother? A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best than答案:C3. Which shirt do you like _, the white one or the blue one? A. better B. good C. best D. much答案:A4. I dont feel _ to go to work today. Im ill. A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough good答案:B5. Mary would like to spend _ days on her research.A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more答案:C下面请大家自己做以下练习。1. Be quiet, class! I have _ to tell you.A. important anything B. important something C. anything important D. something important答案:D2. This picture book is not _ that one.A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than D. interesting as答案:A3. This article is _ than that one.A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy答案:A4. The Changjiang River is _ river in China.A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer答案:C5. You must keep your room _ and tidy.A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned答案:C上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法。中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法。下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方。1. 代词同学们需掌握以下不定代词:all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等,并注意不定代词的定语后置,如something English2. 数词同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。如:第1- first 第2- second 第3- third 第5- fifth 第9- ninth 第12- twelfth 第20- twentieth另外需要记住以下短语:hundreds of 数以百计 thousands of 数以千计 tens of thousands of 数以万计 several millions of好几百万 但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式,如:ten thousandthree million3. 介词的考察内容主要是介词短语,特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语。这类短语比较多,这里我不再一一赘述,大家可以看初中英语复习指导第204页至208页上的词组。但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语,请大家注意。如, speak highly of高度赞扬regard as 视为,把看做make a contribution to doing sth 为做贡献4. 连词同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语:neithernoreitherornot onlybut alsobothand前三个短语引导主语时,谓语动词需遵循就近原则。如, Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿。 那么bothand连接主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。 如, Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的种类 1应特别注意掌握的简单句 有介词的特殊疑问句 在特殊问句中,作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离,放在句首,而把介词放在句尾。如, Whom do you travel with? 当然,也可以把介词放在句首。总之,不要把介词丢掉。有插入语的特殊疑问句在特殊问句中,经常可以看到这样的句子:Where do you think they may go? 其中,do you think 是疑问式插入语,其余部分是think的宾语从句。注意,疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开。疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入语。如:That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开。去掉插入语,该句子仍然是个完整的句子。 Youd better (not) (do sth.) 这个说法常用于提出“劝告,建议,告戒”。 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like ? 或 What about (doing)?。 如,Its too dark. Youd better leave at once. Im afraid (that) Im afraid (that) I cant go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情。2并列句 并列句的考查重点是并列连词。并列连词有and, or, but, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but also等。3复合句 复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。 宾语从句宾语从句的考查要点是:时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。A.宾语从句的连接词:宾语从句本身是叙述句是,用that 引导。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时,用疑问词引导。 Do you know where we can find our teacher?宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时,用if 或whether引导。I dont know if / whether he has done that.B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应。主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候,宾语从句的动词时态不受影响。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是过去时态,从句谓语要做适当调整:a) 由现在时调整为过去时。I didnt know you were also here.b) 由将来时调整为过去将来时He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 过去时态多数不受影响,但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”,尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时,多调整为“过去完成时”如:She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city. 状语从句。状语从句有时间状语从句(常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导)、地点状语从句(常有where 引导)、原因状语从句(常有because, since, as 引导,这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答), 条件状语从句(常由if引导)、结果状语从句(常由such that, sothat, so that等引导 )、让步状语从句(常由though, although引导)。另外,今年新加了一个定语从句,其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物) , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面,如:She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人。有时,为了使句子平衡,也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开。同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子。下面我们来看一些例子:1. The traveller was _ tired that she couldnt walk on.A. so B. very C. too D. quite答案:A2. Do you know _ ten years ago?A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where did he live D. where he lived答案:D3. He didnt go home _ he finished the work.A. since B. if C. because D. until答案:D4. I was reading the newspaper _ I heard a loud shout outside.A. while B. when C. though D. as答案:B5. I dont know the man _ is cleaning the door.A. that B. where C. what D. who答案:D好,接下来大家自己做以下练习。1. I didnt remember _ the woman before.A. where I had seen B. where I have seen C. where had I seen D. where have I seen答案:A2. It was raining heavily _ we got to Paris.A. while B. if C. when D. because答案:C3. The plane hasnt arrived. Can you tell me _?A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane lateC. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late答案:C4. I dont know if _tomorrow?A. it doesnt rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains wont stopD. it wont rain答案:D11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情

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