语言学复习提纲

6.Pragmatics复习提纲1.Pragmatics:(term):the study of language in use(the study of speaker meaning).2.Micropragmatics: (term):to study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts.3.Macropragmatics: (term): these studies look deep into the mechanisms by which speakers/writers encode their message in skillful ways and how hearers/readers arrive at the intended meanings in spite of the differences between the literal meaning and the intended meaning. This approach of study is called.4. Reference(term):in Pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something.5.Deixis(term):in all language there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called, which means “pointing” via language.6. five types of deixis:l Person deixis(e.g.):me, you, him, and them.l Time deixis(e.g.):now, then, tonight, last week, this year.l Space/spatial/place deixis(e.g.):here, there, yonder.l Discourse deixis(e.g.):in the previous/next paragraph, or have you heard this joke?l Social deixis(e.g.):professor Li, Li Jie7.Anaphora(term):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.8. Presupposition(term)：assumptions by the speaker or writer.9.Presupposition triggers:l Definitive description(e.g.):he saw the man with two headsthere exists a man with two heads.l Factive verbs(e.g.):he realized that he was in debt.l Change of state verbs(e.g.):he began to beat her husband.l Lteratives(e.g.):the flying saucer came again.l Temporal clauses(e.g.):while he was revolutionizing linguistics.l Cleft sentences(e.g.):it was he that kissed her.l Comparisons and contrasts(e.g.):he is a better linguist than him.10.Speech act(term)actions performed via utterance. 11. locutionary act (term) the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterancee.g. there is not enough fresh air in here. 12. Illocutionary act (term)the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaninge.g. the hearer to open the window13.per locutionary act (term)the effect of the utterance on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances.e.g. the hearers opening the window or his refusal to do so14. classification of illocutionary actsl Representatives:e.g.:the earth is flat/it was a warm sunny day/Chomsky did not write about music.l Directives e.g.:gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black/could you lend me a pen,please?/do not touch thatl Commissives e.g.:I will be back/I am going to get it right next time/we will not do thatl Expressives e.g.:I am really sorry/congratulations/oh, yes, great,mmm, ssahhl Declarations e.g.: 6.3.2 The Cooperative principle 6.3.2.1 The Cooperative principle and its maxims 合作原则一定要完整地背下来，分析实例时要以各准则为标准分析会话含义* 要会评价合作原则，它的优势与弊端，书中能找到论述，结合礼貌原则进行评论。* 6.3.2.2 Conversational implicatures(term)定义要掌握，要会分析违反合作原则产生会话含义的例子 6.3.3 The politeness principle 礼貌原则的提出者要了解 礼貌原则和合作原则的关系，书上有 礼貌原则的内容要完整地掌握，要能够用各准则分析实例* Chapter Seven Discourse Analysis7.1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis* 这两个定义要掌握，尤其是语篇的定义7.2 Information Structure* 7.2.1 Given and new information 对定义要有所了解7.2.2 Topic and Comment 对定义要有所了解Given and new information 和Topic and Comment这两组概念的关系要把握*7.2.3 Contrast* 定义要了解7.3 Cohesion and Coherence* 衔接和连贯的关系是本部分的重点，一定要掌握 7.3.1 Cohesion* 衔接的定义要掌握，各衔接手段的定义不需背下来，但如果给出特定语篇，要能够确定其具体的衔接手段 7.3.1.1 Reference* 指称参照的类型要重点掌握 7.3.1.2 Substitution 7.3.1.3 Ellipsis 7.3.1.4 Conjunction 7.3.1.5 Lexical cohesion 要了解词汇衔接的基本方式 7.3.2 Coherence* 定义必须掌握，并且能真正理解连贯的含义7.4 Discourse Markers* 定义要掌握，作用和特征要了解7.5 Coversational Analysis* 7.5.1 Adjacency pairs* 定义要掌握，相邻语对的特征要掌握，插入语列的概念要掌握 7.5.2 Preference structure* 定义要掌握，对preferred and dispreferred second part要有所了解 7.5.3 Presequences* 定义和类型要掌握7.6 Critical Discourse Analysis* 一般了解 Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics8.1 Introduction* 本部分需要掌握社会语言学的定义8.2 Language varieties* 8.2.1 Standard language* 标准语言的定义必须掌握，对标准语言和官方语言的区别应有所了解， 标准语言和社会方言的关系要掌握 8.2.2 Dialects* 定义要掌握，对方言的类型要有所了解，并能解决一些实际问题 8.2.3 Registers* 定义要掌握，韩礼德关于语域的理论要重点掌握，尤其是field of discourse, mode of discourse and tenor of discourse三个定义，并能根据理论分析实际问题确定语场语式和语旨 8.2.4 Pidgins and creoles* 定义必须掌握，两者的区别和联系很重要8.2.5 Language planning*对语言规划的范围、类型应有所了解8.3 Choosing a code* 8.3.1 Diglossia* 定义必须掌握，和bilingualism的区别很重要 8.3.2 Bilingualism and multilingualism* 这两个定义要掌握，要了解双语现象的两种类型8.3.3 Code-switching*定义和类型都要掌握8.4 Linguistic taboos and euphemisms* taboo和euphemism的定义要掌握，这部分主要会考查对具体问题的分析，分析委婉语的功能，例如社会功能、交际功能等8.5 Language and gender* 男性和女性话语的区别很重要，要会分析语言中存在的性别歧视现象 Psycholinguistics9.1 Introduction (要掌握心理语言学的定义)9.2 Language Acquisition（本部分重点掌握语言习得的定义，过度扩展和扩展不足的概念及其成因）9.3 Language Production（要了解语言产出的四个阶段及其作用）9.3.1 Conceptualization9.3.2 Formulation（要能够熟练地判断口误的各种类型）9.3.3 Articulation9.3.4 Self-regulation9.4 Language Comprehension9.4.1 Sound comprehension9.4.2 Word comprehension （要了解PDP model，TOT现象，bathtub effect）9.4.3 Sentence comprehension （要了解garden path sentence及garden path effect） 9.4.4 Text comprehension （背景信息在篇章理解中起重要作用）9.5 Language and Thought （辩证理解语言和思维的关系，重点掌握Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis） 9.5.1 Language determines thought 9.5.2 Thought determines languageCognitive Linguistics10.1 Introduction（认知语言学是一种研究取向，此处掌握其定义，了解其研究的范围）10.2 Categorization and Categories（掌握范畴和范畴化的定义）10.2.1 The classical theory （此处掌握经典理论的四个假设）10.2.2 The prototype theory（此处掌握典型的定义和典型理论的优势）10.2.3 Level of categorization （范畴化的三个类型要理解，基本层次范畴最为重要）10.3 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy （把握概念隐喻和概念转喻两者之间的关系） 10.3.1 Conceptual metaphor （重点掌握隐喻的定义，隐喻和概念隐喻的关系，理解一些基本的概念隐喻） 10.3.2 Conceptual metonymy （重点掌握转喻的定义，理解一些基本的概念转喻）10.4 Iconicity （理解掌握象似性的三个类型， 并能够运用其理论解决实际问题）10.4.1 Iconicity of order10.4.2 Iconicity of distance10.4.3 Iconicity of complexity10.5 Grammaticalization（重点掌握语法化的定义及其特点） Language Acquisition11.1 First language Acquisition（掌握语言习得的定义