[育儿理论经验]金博士上海会议.ppt

,金立志 博士 西班牙乐达集团广州公司,仔猪采食量调控机制及实用技术 Regulation of feed intake in PigletsTheory and Practice,高档乳猪叫槽料的研发暨营销模式专题研讨会, 2005年8月28-29号, 中国上海,乳仔猪配合饲料要点,适口性 营养性 可加工性 功能性 商业性 经济性,Adapted from Forbes (1999),时间,Eating Digestion Metabolism,食物 食糜 营养素 体内沉积 S,视觉 气味,味道 触觉,消化道 机械受体 化学受体,血液骨胳 肝脏 后脑,机体Body 脂肪 肌肉,猪采食量调控机制 Mechanisms of feed intake regulation in swine,神经中枢 CNS,遗传 Genetics,感官 Sensory Perception,健康 Health,管理 Management,环境（温度湿度） Environment (temp./humid.),营养 Nutrition,社会行为 Social Behaviour,年龄性别 Age & sex,影响猪采食量的因素 Factors that influence feed intake in swine,动物关怀,自身经验,饲养密度,食槽空间类型分布,环境影响猪的采食量,能量浓度,营养平衡,消化率,添加剂,营养影响猪的采食量,Villalba & Provenza (1997),高消化率 = 高的采食可能性,洋葱味秸杆 牛至味秸杆 + 瘤胃淀粉灌流 洋葱味秸杆 牛至味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流 洋葱味秸杆 牛至味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流 洋葱味秸杆 牛至味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流,牛至味秸杆 洋葱味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流 牛至味秸杆 洋葱味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流 牛至味秸杆 洋葱味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流 牛至味秸杆 洋葱味秸杆+ 瘤胃淀粉灌流,洋葱味秸杆,牛至味秸杆,洋葱味秸杆,牛至味秸杆,提示,高消化率 = 高的采食可能性-机制,卫生,健康影响猪的采食量,免疫,疾病、亚临床,亚疾病/疾病状态下的采食量 Feed intake in disease models,内毒素对小牛采食量的影响 Effects of endotoxin on feed intake In calves,合成代谢激素对感染双孢子球虫的小牛采食量的影响 Effects of anabolic hormones on Feed intake in calves infected with coccidia.,Heath et al. AJVR, 1997.,McMahon et al. J Endocrinol, 1998,Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),用NPY灌流对内毒素处理过的羊的采食量的影响 Effect of NPY Infusion on Food Intake in Endotoxin-Treated Sheep,McMahon et al. J Endocrinology, 1999. Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),神经肽Y(NPY) Neuropeptide Y,AGRP对LPS导致的恶病质的影响 Effect of AGRP on LPS induced cachexia,AGRP在LPS前2小时注射, LPS于2,4,24小时降低采食量,AGRP没有增加采食量 AGRP+LPS与对照比任何时候均对采食量无影响 AGRP injected 2 h before LPS. LPS reduced feed intake at 2,4,24 h. AGRP did not Increase feed intake. AGRP+LPS did not differ from saline feed intake at any time.,Wagner et al. unpublished data. Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),艾高提相关肽(AGRP) Agouti related peptide,AGRP的背景 AGRP-background,AGRP是一种黑素皮质激素-4受体（MC4R）的拮抗剂。AGRP能阻止食欲下降. AGRP is a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) antagonist. AGRP prevents the inhibition of appetite. AGRP和NPY定植在下丘脑弓形核 AGRP is colocalized with NPY in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. 在大鼠和小鼠体内，AGRP通过抑制MC4R的分泌提高采食量 AGRP increases feed intake in rats and mice via the MC4R. AGRP神经细胞投射到直接调节采食的下丘脑部位 AGRP neurons project to the areas of the hypothalamus that directly regulate feed intake.,友情提醒: 该类产品在研究中, 使用尚需数年研究 国内外市场上并无此类产品!,大脑中的食欲调节中枢 Mediators of Appetite in the Brain,促进食欲的激素Orexigenic 神经肽Y(NPY) Neuropeptide Y 艾高提相关肽(AGRP) Agouti related peptide 黑素浓缩素(MCH) Melanin concentrating hormone 食欲肽(Orexin) Orexin,降低食欲的激素Anorexigenic a-促黑激素(a- MSH) a-Melanocyte stimulating hormone 可卡因-苯(异)丙胺相关转录物 Cocaine amphetamine related transcript,Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),黑素皮质激素-4受体（MC4R） Melanocortin 4 Receptor,AGRP,增加食欲 Increased Appetite,MC4-R,MSH,MC4-R,降低食欲 Decreased Appetite,拮抗剂 antagonist,激动剂 agonist,Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),脂肪细胞 Fat Cell,Adapted from Prof/Dr James L. Sartin, Auburn University, USA (2005),感观/感觉,视觉 听觉 嗅觉 触觉 味觉 形状 声音 气味 结构 味道 颜色 温度,采食前,采食中,感观/感觉影响猪的采食量,嗅觉,味觉,触觉,感观/感觉影响猪的采食量 The pigs senses that influence feed intake,适口性嗅觉味觉触觉 PALATABILITY=OLFACTION + TOUCH + TASTE （气味味道质感） (SMELL + TASTE + TEXTURE),适口性：以感官定义 Palatability. Definition based on sensory cues,Sows milk/Milk replacer,Pelleted feed,饲料质感影响适口性 The sense of touch. Textures role on feed intake,饲料加工：硬度与颗粒大小,246 g/天,210 g/天,正常硬度: 6 Kl. units,高硬度: 10 Kl. units,颗粒饲料硬度对仔猪采食量的影响 The sense of touch. Hardness do reduce feed intake of piglets,Lucta SA (1996),颗粒饲料硬度对仔猪采食量的影响 Effect of pellet hardness on feed intake,(Mavromichalis et al., 2002),1Trial lasted 29 days post-weaning (Traylor et al., 1996).,饲料直径对仔猪采食量及生产性能的影响 Pellet diameter, feed intake and performance,触觉对采食量的影响 The sense of touch. Making good pelleted feed for piglets,直径Diameter: 3 mm 颗粒大小Particle size: 800 m 硬度Hardness: 6 Kahl units 加工温度Process temperature: 70C,舌尖及两侧 Tip and side of tongue,味觉影响采食量 The sense of taste affects feed intake,味道感觉 Taste Perception,猪比人类的味觉更敏感吗? The sense of taste. Do pigs taste better than us men?,几种甜味剂对鼓索神经的刺激,(Danilova et al., 1999),小猪对甜的神经反应,人工唾液,不同甜源的甜感特点,Glaser et.al。 （2000）,没反应,没反应,没反应,采食调控术语及定义,先天性偏好: 出生就有的 获得性偏好: 后天学到的 新事物趋避性: 对新事物（饲料）的恐惧/抗拒 先天厌恶 获得性厌恶,获得性厌恶的饲料原料 Acquired aversion to feed ingredients,动物蛋白原料：鱼粉等 Some animal protein sources: fish meal 脂肪原料 （酸化） Some fat sources (particularly rancid) 矿物元素及浓缩蛋白原料 Mineral and protein concentrates 酸化剂 （富马酸类的） Some acidifiers (i.e. Formic/formate based) 其他添加剂：如抗生素，合成氨基酸等 Other feed additives, particularly antibiotics (i.e. Macrolides , ionophores) and synthetic amino acids (Methionine) 植物蛋白原料：菜籽粕，向日葵粕等 Vegetable protein sources: canola, rapeseed, sunflower 能量饲料原料：高粱 Some cereals: sorghum,日粮改变,仔猪在断奶后日粮改变导致采食量下降,(van Heugthen et al., 2002),添加菜籽粕导致猪的采食量下降,(Baidoo et al., 1987),调味剂加快动物对新饲料的适应,实验动物: 羊 新饲料:米糠 风味 (青草味)-熟悉的风味 风味 (狗屎味)-厌恶的风味,实验目的,VanTien et al (1999),香味剂加快动物对新饲料的适应,开始采食的时间及采食量,VanTien et al(1999) 实验结果,0,0,0,2,0,4,0,6,0,8,1,0,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,断奶后天数,饲料采食量, kg,第二组加香日粮与空白日粮采食量的差异 (P 0.05),a,a,a,a,a,b,b,b,日粮改变,调味剂可阻止饲料改变时采食量的下降,(van Heugthen et al., 2002),第二组加香日粮与空白日粮采食量的差异 (P 0.10),选择合适调味剂的重要性 以猪为本,饲料适口性/气味喜好度的测定方法 -双向选择法,诱食效果测定方法,采用“偏嗜指数(Preference Index)”指标 同一饲料，一半加调味剂，另一半不加。同时给动物自由选择。分别测定一段时间内的采食量。 用多头动物测定，然后用统计分析得出一个均值。,乐达公司研发部,香味剂 Flavour note,奶油香Buttery 奶酪香Cheesy 油脂香Fatty 果香Fruity 青香Green 肉香Meaty 蘑菇香Musty 甜Sweet 总计Total (%),8 6 4 24 10 13 8 23 100,香味剂样品 Ner flavours,喜爱 Preference,中性 No Difference,4 5 1 8 4 5 1 5 32,4 3 2 12 5 6 6 15 55,- 1 1 4 1 2 1 3 13,厌恶 Aversion,双项选择法研究结果Double choice flavour results in piglets,选择合适的香味剂的重要性 Piglet feed palatability. Testing the innate flavour preference of piglets,(adapted from McLaughlin et al., 1983).,对奶香味的喜好度 Preference indexes of milky f