初中英语语法汇总.doc

第一部份 语法概论英语的语法主要分作词法和句法两类，换而言之，词类和句子两要素在语法中起着关键作用。因此，我们首先必须弄清词类，句子的基本构成、分类及其共性。第一节 词 类1、 词的分类英语中的词根据其形式特征、词义以及句法作用，分成十类：词类英语名称缩写形式例词名词nounn.Paper, bike代词Pronounpron.They, everyone动词verbv.Play, learn副词adverbadv.Often, quite形容词adjectiveAdj.Great, long数词numeralnum.nine, first冠词articleart.a(an),the介词prepositionprep.in, on连词conjunctionconj.but, though 感叹词interjectionint.oh, aha2、词类关系（1）冠词、介词、连接词和感叹词不能在句中独立充当成份，称为虚词；名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词和动词能在句中独立充当成份，称为实词。（2）副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词本身。（3）代词、数词、形容词和冠词常修饰名词，形容词也可修饰某些代词（如不定代词），但要后置。第二节 句 子1、 句子分类句子具有一定的语法结构，比单词和词组复杂，能表达相对独立和完整的意义。句子结构简单句Tom usually plays football in afternoon汤姆经常下午踢足球。并例句He is tall but I am short.他高可是我矮。主从复合句It is obvious that he did that thing.他显然做了件事。句子功能陈述句She has not had her lunch.她还没吃早餐。疑问句Can you give me a piece of paper?你能给我一张纸吗？祈使句Lets go swimming.让我去游泳吧。感叹句What an interesting story it is.多么有趣的故事啊！2、句子成分英语的句子成分可由单词、词组或从句构成，具体划分与汉语相差较大，需特别注意。(1) 主语（The Subject） (2) 谓语（The Predicate）(3) 宾语（The Object） (4) 补语（The Complement）(5) 表语（The Predicative） (6) 定语 (The Attribute)(7) 状语（The Adverbial） 第三节 从 句从句有以下几种： 分 类例 句主语从句Whether hes coming or not doesnt matter too much.他是否来无关紧要。表语从句That is what he meant.这是他的意思。宾语从句She asked me which I like best.她问我喜欢哪一个。定语从句The letter which I received yesterday was from my mother.昨天我收的信是我的母亲来的。状语从句We must hurry off lest we should miss the train.我们是赶快走了，以免误了火车。同位语从句The fact that you told a lie is unforgiveable.你撒谎这一事实不可原谅。第二部份 基础知识第一节 名 词名词是表示人或物名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：普通名词（common noun）专有名词如：China, Li Hua, London个体名词 如：student,computer 集体名词如：team, family,class物质名词如：water, milk energy（精力）抽象名词如： information,anger一般可数，有单复数形式一般不可数，没有单复数形式一、可 数 名 词1可数名词复数规则变化A）名词直接加s变复数；B）以s, x, sh, o结尾的单词加es变复数；如bus, watch, fish, tomato, potato等。 注意：zoo, radio, photo直接加s变复数。C）辅音字母+y结尾的单词，把y改为i再加es；如baby, factory, library等。D）以f或fe结尾，去掉f或fe，变v再加es；如knife, wife, leaf, life, shelf等。2. 可数名词复数不规则变化。A)改变单数名词中的元音字母，如：Footfeet manmen toothteeth mousemice B)在词尾加 en, 如:ChildChildren oxoxen(公牛)有少数名词是单复数同形，如：Sheep fish peopleC)表示“某国人”的单复数变化单复数同形，如：Chinese, Japanese 词尾加-s，如：GermanGermans AmericanAmericans RomanRomans变-man为 men，如：EnglishmanEnglishmenD)复合名词的复数变化： 变中心词，如：A son-in-law sons-in-law 在最后加-s，如：a grow-upa grow ups.前后名词都变，如：woman-doctorwomen doctorsboy/girl在前时，变后面的词，如：a boy-studentboy students二、不 可 数 名 词不可数名词用U表示，包括物质名词和抽象名词，一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。但它们也有以下特殊形式。1 物质名词和抽象名词借助单位词表示一定的数量，如：A cup of tea a sheet of paper a loaf of bread a piece of advice2 有些物质名词和抽象名词变为复数后意义有所不同，如： airairs神气 goodgoods商品 paperpapers考卷 timetimes时代三、常用国籍的单、复数名称 总称（谓语用复数） 一个人 二个人中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 德国人 the Germans a German two Germans 归纳记忆：中国人和日本人单复数相同，英国人和法国人把a改为e， 其余的在后面加- s。 四、名词所有格 A）名词所有格用于人或动物的名词词尾，以及表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后。Toms pens, Lucy and Lilys room( 共同所有 ), Lilys and Lucys room( 各自所有 ), Childrens Day, twenty minutes walk, Guangzhous building.B）当表示两个或几个人共同所有的人或物时，只在最后一个人或物后加s。C）of所有格（名词+ of+名词）：常用来表示无生命的名词所有关系。如： The windows of the house the photo of the family a plan of Jims D）有些名词如诊所、家、店铺所有格后加s后，可以省去名词。如： The doctors （医生诊所) at Whites （在怀特先生家） the book-sellers（书店）一、单项选择。( ) 1. September 10 is _ Day. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the teachers D. the teachers ( ) 2. Every morning he takes a _ to his office. A. 20 minutes walk B. 20-minutes walk C. 20 minutes walk D. 20-minute walk( ) 3. There is only one _ doctor and three _ nurses here. A. man; woman B. man; women C. men; woman D. men; women( ) 4. How many _ are there in those_? A. tomatos; photos B. tomatoes; photos C. tomatoes; photo D. tomato; photos( ) 5. Have you seen _ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep( ) 6. I am thirsty. Would you bring me _, please? A. some bread B. some water C. some cakes D. some eggs( ) 7. If these _ are too big, buy a smaller pair. A. trouser B. trousers C. trouseres D. trouserses( ) 8. This pair of shoes _ much. A. cost B. costs C. costes D. costed( ) 9. The news _ for my father. A. were B. are C. be D. is( ) 10. What _ bad weather today! A. an B. a C. the D. /( ) 11. My English teacher gave us _. A. a advice B. an advice C. some advice D. some advices( ) 12. There is so _ milk in the glass. A. much B. many C. lot of D. few( ) 13. Mr. King is a friend of _. A. Mr. Wangs B. Mr. Wangs C. the Wangs D. Mr. Wang( ) 14. He often gives us _ by e-mail. A. a good information B. some informations C. some good information D. some good informations( ) 15. _ work has been done today. A. A great deal of B. A lot C. Many D. A large number of第二节 冠 词冠词的定义：冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或名词词组的前面，表示名词是特指或泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。 不定冠词的用法1、不定冠词a，an的用法： A）冠词a和an都用在单数可数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物中的一个，或第一次提到的人或事，如： Li Ping has an apple in her hand. 李平手里拿着一个苹果。 There are twelve months in a year. 一年有十二个月。 B）冠词用a在以辅音开始的名词或名词词组之前，而冠词an则用在以元音开始的名词或名词词组之前，如： a photo, a king, an example, an English class. 注意：上面讲的冠词an在以元音开始的名词或名词词组之前，指的是“元音”而不是“元音字母”，因此以元音字母u开始的名词之前只能用a而不用an（字母u的发音是 /ju:/，它的第一个音素 /j/ 是辅音而不是元音）。有些词虽然不是以元音字母开始，但如果它的第一个音是元音音素则用不定冠词an，关键是以发音为准。如：a university, an hour等。 C）一些固定搭配必须带不定冠词a，如：have a walk 散步 have a meeting开会 have a look 看一下 have a rest休息一下 have a talk谈心 have a party举行晚会 a lot of 许多 a piece of 一片的 a pair of 一双的 a bottle of 一瓶的 a cup of一茶杯的 a glass of 一水杯的 a box of一箱的 have a fever发烧 have a headache头疼 have a good time过得快活 定冠词的用法定冠词the有this, that, these, those等意义，用于单数名词或复数名词前。主要用来特指。使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1 定冠词特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。Is this the book you are looking for? 这是你要找的书吗?2 定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。I saw a film yesterday. The film was ended at eight oclock.我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。3 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。the sun/ the moon/ the earth/ the sky/ the world/ the winter night the sun is bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮大。4 定冠词与单数名词连用，表示毫米一类人或物。The dog is not too dangerous.狗不太危险。5 定冠词与某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，表示某一类人。the rich 富人 the poor 穷人the young 年轻人 the sick 病人the new 新和事物 the right 正确的东西the true 真的东西 the beautiful 美的东西6 用在序数词，形容词最高级的表示方位的名词前。This is the most interesting book on my hand. 这是我手中最有趣的一本书。7 定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称的文艺活动，运动场所的名称前。The are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。8 定冠词用在江河，海洋，山脉，群岛的名称之前。 The Changjiang River is the biggest one in China.长江是中国最大的河。9 定冠词用有姓名复数之前，表示一家人。The Greens are very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。 不定冠词(零冠词)的场合1. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词，如：By plane by boat Chinese American history2. 在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词，如：National Day Monday spring October3. 在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词，如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.他宁可早餐吃鸡蛋，喝牛奶。I cooked some noodles for supper.我晚餐煮了一些面条。一、单项选择。( ) 1. Is Canada _ English speaking country? A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 2. Canada is _ English speaking country? A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 3. I can see a little white sheep in the field. _ sheep is Nancys. A. A B. The C. An D. /( ) 4. That is _ useful book. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 5. There is _ “s” in the word “bus”. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 6. My brother is _ driver.A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 7. _ elephant is much heavier than a horse. A. A B. An C. The D. /( ) 8. When he was in trouble yesterday, _ young man gave him a hand. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 9. He ran at two kilometers _ hour. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 10. The boy on _ bike is Jim. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 11. The Yellow River is _ second longest river in China. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 12. _ moon goes round _ earth, and _ earth goes round _ sun. A. A; a; a; a B. An; an; an; an C. The; the; the; the D. /; /; /; /( ) 13. There is _ egg on the plate. _ egg is for you. A. a; A B. an; An C. an; The C. an; An( ) 14. One morning he found a bag. There was _ “s” on the corner of _bag. A. a; a B. a; the C. an; a D. an; the( ) 15. People often go swimming in _ summer. A. / B. a C. an D. the( ) 16.-Is there _ map of China on the wall? -Yes, there is. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 17. -Have you had _lunch yet. -No, not yet. A. / B. a C. the D. an( ) 18. _apple on the table is Wei Fangs. A. An B. A C. / D. The( ) 19. What can you see by the lake? I can see _old man sitting on the chair. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 20. _September is Teachers Day. A. The ten B. The tenth C. The tens D. Ten第 三 节 代 词 代词的分类名词的表示人，事物和抽象概念的词类。根椐名词表达的意义和用法，常见名词可做以下分类：名称单词人称你词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代词形容词性单数：My, your, his, her, its复数：our, your, their名词性单数：Mine, yours, his, hers, its, 复数：Ours, yours, theirs.反身代词单数：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数：ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代词this, that, these, those, such疑问代词Who, whom, whose, which, what不定代词Some, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, no, no one, every, everything, each, much, many, little, other, another, all, none, one, both, either, neither.关系代词Who, whom, whose, which, that. As相互代词Each other, one another连接代词What, which, who, that下面是部分代词的用法：1Few, little; a few, a little的用法:Few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；a few和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，Few和a few修饰可数名词；little和a little修饰不可数名词。他们在句中常作定语、主语和宾语。如：He knows a little English. (定语)Few of them could speak English. (主语)I know little about Japanese. (宾语)2 other和another的用法Other泛指 “另外的”,作定语,常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the, this , that, some, any, each, every, no, none, one, or以及形容词性物主代词时，则可与单数名词连用。例如： Other boys, all other beauty, no other way, the other one any other plant, every other day, some other reason等。Others 是other 的复数形式泛之“别的人或物”（但不是全部）。例如： Some are carry water, other are watering the trees.The other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其全余的”。例如：He held a bow in one hand and his notes in the other.The others是the other的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如：I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, the others are blue。Another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”，“再一”,“别一个”；作代词或形容词。例如：I have finished this novel, please give me another.Onethe other指两个人或物构成的一组中的个体；oneanother指同一组内的两个个体。例如：Here are two books. One is for Mary, the other is for Jack.One person may like to spend his holiday at the seashore, while, another may prefer the mountains.1 all 和both的用法这两个词都表示整体，但both指两个人或物，而all指三个或三个以上的人或物；要句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如：All of us should work hard.（主语）We both like to go. (同位语)We like both of the books. (宾语)That is all for today. (表语)1All表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。2Both和all加否定是部分否定，如果要表示全部否定，分别用neither和none。例如：Both of us are not teachers.我们俩不都是老师。（部分否定）Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是老师。（全部否定）2 neither和either的用法neither表示两者都不；either表示两者中的任何一个；两个词都表示单数，在句中可作主语，宾语和定语。如：Neither of the answers is wrong. (主语)Either sentence is right. (定语)You may take either of the books. (宾语)3 It的主要用法What is this? It is a harvester. (刚提到的事物)Who is making the noise? It must be the children. (指未明身份的人或物)It will be lovely in the park today. (环境情况等，天气等自然现象)It is 6 oclock.(时间，季节)It is about five miles to the Summer Place. (距离)It is foolish of you to be still worrying about it. (形式主语)It is no use crying over spilt milk.He found it difficult to learn English. (形式主语)He made it clear in his speech that he took no interest in politics.Its though struggle that we learn this truth. (强调句)It was the World trade Towers that the terrorists attacked on Sept.11th, 2001.强调句的构成：It is/was +被强调部分（或人或物，或主语宾语或状语）+who/that +其它部分。一、单项选择。( ) 1. She has lost _ pen. Will you lend her _. A. her; you B. hers; your C. her; yours D. hers; yours( ) 2. Is this car for _? A. we B. my C. me D. mine( ) 3. Who teaches _ French? A. we B. our C. us D. ours( ) 4. I saw _ playing in the street at that time. A. them B. they C. their D. theirs( ) 5. Mike lost _ new watch while he was playing football at achool. A. his B. he C. him D. himself( ) 6. _book is new and _ is new, too. A. Our; he B. Ours; his C. My; his D. My; her( ) 7. They are going to see a teacher of _. A. them B. their C. theirs D. themselves( ) 8. This room is ours, and that one is _. A. they B. them C. theirs D. their( ) 9. I like this kind of color TV, so I want to buy _. A. it B. one C. this D. that( ) 10. Two friends of _ would go to help you. A. I B. me C. mine D. my( ) 11. There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _for us? A. some; much B. any; many C. any; much D. any; some( ) 12. There are thirty students in the class. Some are girls, _are boys. A. another B. other C. others D. the other( ) 13.-Have you any Mends(改进) here in Guangdong? -Yes, I have_. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( ) 14. _of them knew about the accident because it was kept a secret. A. Each B. Any C. All D. None( ) 15. We have found _ difficult to learn Japanese. A. it B. its C. that D. this二、在空格处填上适当的反身代词。1. Im learning English all by _.2. Help _ to some chicken, children.3. Mary and Jack all enjoyed _ in the park last Sunday.4. He is too young to take care of _.5. Miss Li said to us, “The work is hard, but you must finish it _.”6. My little sister can dress _ now.7. The story _ is very interesting, but Li Lei didnt tell it well.8. We cant repair the radio _.第 四 节 数 词 数词的分类名称例词基数词Eight, nine, nineteen, four thousa