考研英语冲刺常用语法要点总结.doc

定语从句一、定语从句的概念 什么是定语从句？例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行词；一个是关系词。1.名词或代词做先行词。例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短语做先行词。Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connectionwith the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverselanguages could be.I am a student which you all know.当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels severalinches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off.找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。1. 翻译定语从句。2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom 现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用 that。2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。What:1)它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What 前面不应该在出现先行词。 如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用 what 来引导。例如：You can have everythingwhat you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用 what.All-is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA. what is the needB. the things needC. for our needsD. that is need2)what 单独使用，后面不加名词。例如：She is not what she used to be.3)what 后面加名词例如：What money I have has been given to you.1997 年考题：_he knows about it is out of date and in accurateA. What littleB. So muchC. How muchD. So littleas1.like2.作为3.when4.引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。如 as.as,such.aslike作为when引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限as 引导非限制性定语从句例如：I was a boy which you know. which 可以用 as 替换。As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be usedequally for good or evil.as 引导限制性定语从句考试中往往考固定搭配。例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.Than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently,children are likely to have less supervision at home _ was common in the traditionalfamily structure .A.than B.that C.which D.as特点：1) than 作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。2) than 前面的主句必须要有比较级3) 比较级所修饰的名词就是 than 指代的对象三、关系副词When 引导的定语从句。1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding morecompanies liable for their customers misfortunes.2)如何区分 when 引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.从两方面区分：When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当时候。When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere 引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行词表示地点,不一定用 where 来引导。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but its the place _.A.where Idlike to visitB.in which Id like to visitC.I most want to visitD.that I want to visit it most名词从句讲五个问题：一、名词从句的本质。1. 概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表语、同位语。2. 引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how 等连接副词或 what,who,whose 等连接代词。That 引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what 一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which 和 whose 后面必须接名词。例如：Concerns were raised _witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court toensure guilty verdicts.A.what B.when C.which D.that3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考题：Prof. Lees book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observedD how what you have observed二、名词从句中的主语从句主语从句有如下几种表示方式：1.用 which, that 放在句首引导主语从句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.3.用 it is +ved+that例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3. 用 whether 引导主语从句。例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.三、宾语从句需要掌握的几点：及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005 年例句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?四、表语从句就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997 年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful mostAmericans were to them.五、同位语从句就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的 that, which 可以省略，而引导同位语从句的 that 不能省略。定语从句中的 that 必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。同位语从句的 that 不扮演任何成分。例如：There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that 不做句子成分状语从句1.状语从句的本质。就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。2005 年例句Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, _ others aresensitive to the smells of both flowers.A. when B. since C. for D. whereas难点：1.When常考的句型：Hardlywhen; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991 年例句：_to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begunC. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin1998 年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true_ it comes to classroom tests.A. before B. as C since D. when2.地点状语从句WhereA driver should slower down where there are schools.3.原因状语从句Since 从起；因为比较特殊的连词：in that 因为的意思。例句：The girl is like her mother in that she also has verydelicate feeling.Now that因为；given that4. 目的状语从句lest 唯恐，害怕;for fear 当心，害怕引导的是虚拟语气。谓语是 should +动词原形。should常省略。5.结果状语从句有两种引导法 sothat; so that; suchthat; such that2001 年例句：Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening andbeing talked to _ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.A. as B. which C. that D. what把 sothat; so that; suchthat; such that 中的 so 或 such 放在句首形成倒装句。例如：So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.to the extent (that)表示结果to some extent 表示在之内。在某种程度上6.条件状语从句用 unless； if 引导难点：only if ; if onlyonly if 是“只有”的意思; if only 是“只要”意思。2000 年例句：He can continue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since要记住：supposing (that);provided (that);on condition that例如：He will surely finished job on time _he has left to do it in his own way.A. in that B. in case C. as far as D. so long as7.让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though1997 年例句：_ _ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation ofpart timers and temporary workers.A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that2004 年例句： All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a childcommitting a criminal act, _ _ a direct causal relationship has not yet beenestablished.A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing表示让步转折的介词：in spite of; despite 例如：_what he achieved in medicine he remainedmodest.A. Despite B. Although C. If D. WhereasHowever; nevertheless; nonetheless1998 年例句：This view; _,is generally thought to be wrong.A. however B. meanwhile C. therefore D. more overWhile 当时候；然而，但是重点：与 as 有关的让步状语从句由 as 引导的倒装句adj.,adv.,分词，名词，短语+as+主语+谓语。例如：Child as he is, he can remember a lot of things.as 或 so+adj+as+主谓结构例如：As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.8.比较状语从句重点讲倍数为题1.倍数+比较级 A is three times bigger than B.2.倍数+asas 结构。A is three times as big as B.3.倍数+名词结构 A is Three times the size of B.No more than 特点：1. No more than=no