英语句子中的就近原则.doc

英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。它通常依据三项原则：1）语法一致； 2）意义一致； 3）就近一致。【语法一致原则】I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？ Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称）II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g.The work is important . 这项工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。II. 以“and ”或“both and”连接的并列主语：1.通常作复数用 。e.g.Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。e.g.The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g.Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时：1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。b）a / an + 单名+ or two 大多接单数谓语： one or two + 复名接复数谓语。e.g.Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。c）a / an + 单名+ and a half常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。d） more than one + 单名大多接单数谓语。e.g.More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。more + 复名+ than one 接复数谓语。e.g.More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。more than two (three,)+复名 接复数谓语。e.g.More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。2 .主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre / )of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.a）There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸（书）了。Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。b）This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。This kind of apples is (are) sweet . （大多依 kind ，作单数用 ）These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . （总作复数用）但:Apples of this kind are sweet . （总作复数用）3. 主语后接“with”等构成的短语修饰成分时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们，我也愿帮助你。4. one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句：1）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“novels”）He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。2）若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。e.g.He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )【意义一致原则（Notional Concord）】I. 集合名词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1. 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g.The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。2. 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 army , audience(听众),class ,club （俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team .等。e.g.Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。II. 代词作主语时：（参见“代词”部分）1. 不定代词each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。Neither plan suits me .Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,noone ,nothig ”等。e.g.Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数：1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？Who are League Members .哪些是团员？2）all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),等。e.g.All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功。All (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好。3）half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的），等。e.g.Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时：1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4. a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) +复数名词，常作复数用。e.g.A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g.The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。e.g.Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。e.g.Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何？2. “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g.This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。）. the + 形容词/分词作主语时：1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。e.g.The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。e.g.The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。.专用名词作主语时：1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 天方夜谭很有趣。2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.Dickens Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .狄更斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。“what等引导的从句”作主语时：1. 大多作单数用。e.g.What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。What he says doesnt agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g.What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。【就近一致原则（Proximity）】也称“邻近原则”，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。I.在正式文体中：1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：or ; eith