变态心理学（全套课件）英文

变态心理学,Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context,Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal Behavior,No Single Definition of Psychological Abnormality No Single Definition of Psychological Normality Psychology Disorder v. Mental illness Many Myths Are Associated With Mental Illness Lazy, crazy, dumb Weak in character Dangerous to self or others Mental illness is a hopeless situation,What is a Psychological Disorder?,Psychological Dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Personal Distress Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles Impairment is set in the context of a persons background Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response Reaction is outside cultural norms,Figure 1.1 The criteria defining a psychological disorder,Definition of Abnormal Behavior (cont.),Abnormal Behavior Defined,A Psychological Dysfunction Associated With Distress or Impairment in Functioning That is not a Typical or Culturally Expected Response The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV - TR) DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria Psychopathology is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders,The Science of Psychopathology,Mental Health Professionals The Ph.D.s: Clinical, counseling and school psychologists The Psy.D.s: Clinical, counseling and school “Doctors of Psychology” M.D.s: Psychiatrists (medications) Child or Adult Board Certified M.S.W.s: Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers MN/MSNs: Psychiatric nurses LPC - Licensed Mental Health/Professional Counselor United by the Scientist-Practitioner Framework,Psychology Training Models,Boulder Model 1948 Ph.D. Scientist Practitioner (4-5 years of training) Producers of Research Consumers of Research Evaluators of Their Work Using Empirical Methods Vail Model - 1973 Psy.D. Professional Practitioner (4-5 years of training) Practice focus Consumer of research Empirical validated methods,Figure 1.2 Functioning as a scientist-practitioner,Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model (cont.),Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model (cont.),Figure 1.3 Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders.,Clinical Description,Begins with the Presenting Problem Description Aims to Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience Describe Prevalence and Incidence of Disorders Describe Onset of Disorders Acute vs. insidious onset Describe Course of Disorders Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course Other features (e.g. age, developmental stage, ethnicity, race),Causation, Treatment, and Outcome,What Factors Contribute to the Development of Psychopathology? Study of etiology How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffering From Psychopathology? Study of treatment development Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments How Do We Know That We Have Alleviated Psychological Suffering? Study of treatment outcome - “Evidence Based Treatment” Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders,Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior,Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed In all cultures Across all time periods The Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Varied Widely Across cultures Across time periods As particularly as a function of prevailing paradigms or world views Three Dominant Traditions Include: Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological,The Supernatural Tradition,Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs. Evil Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries The Moon and the Stars Paracelsus and lunacy,The Biological Tradition,Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a Physical Disease Hysteria “The Wander Uterus” Galen Extends Hippocrates Work Treatments remained crude Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition Foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality with brain chemical imbalances,The 19th Century,General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological Link With Madness Associated with several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms Pasteur discovered the cause A bacterial microorganism Led to penicillin as a successful treatment Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such John Grey and the Reformers,Consequences of the Biological Tradition,Mental Illness = Physical Illness,The Psychological Tradition,The Rise of Moral Therapy Involved more humane treatment of institutionalized patients Encourage and reinforced social interaction Proponents of Moral Therapy Dorothea Dix Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin William Tuke followed Pinels lead in England Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy Emergence of Competing Alternative Psychological Models,Psychoanalytic Theory,Freudian Theory of the Structure and Function of the Mind The Structure of the Mind Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational) Ego (reality principle; logical and rational) Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and Ego in balance) Defense Mechanisms: When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and Superego Displacement & denial Rationalization & reaction formation Projection, repression, and sublimation Psychosexual Stages of Development Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages,The Past: Abnormal Behavior and the Psychoanalytic Tradition (cont.),Figure 1.4 Freuds structure of the mind,Later Developments in Psychoanalytic Thought,Anna Freud and Self-Psychology Emphasized the influence of the ego in defining behavior Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and Object Relations Theory Emphasized how children incorporate (introject) objects Examples include images, memories, and values of significant others (objects) The Neo-Freudians: Departures From Freudian Thought Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson De-emphasized the sexual core of Freuds theory,Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The “Talking” Cure,Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts (“The Real Problems”) Therapy Is Often Long Term Techniques Include Free Association and Dream Analysis Examine Transference and Counter-Transference Issues Little Evidence for Efficacy,Humanistic Theory,Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Major Themes That people are basically good Humans strive toward self-actualization Humanistic Therapy Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard Minimal therapist interpretation,The Behavioral Model,Derived from a Scientific Approach to the Study of Psychopathology Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a ubiquitous form of learning Conditioning involves a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear,The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy,Reactionary Movement Against Psychoanalysis and Non-Scientific Approaches Early Pioneers Joseph Wolpe Systematic desensitization Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning Another ubiquitous form of learning Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the consequences that follow behavior Learning Traditions Greatly Influenced the Development of Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited and direct Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of behavior therapies,Behavior-Cognitive,Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy RET/REBT 1950s - It is what we think that causes us to be disturbed Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory 1960 (vicarious learning) Aaron (Tim ) Beck Cognitive Therapy (1960 David Burns Cognitive distortions Arnold Lazarus Multimodal Therapy 1970s 7 domains to address in treatment BASIC- ID,The Present: An Integrative Approach,Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined Unidimensional Accounts of Psychopathology Are Incomplete Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between Biological, psychological, social, and experiential factors Defining Abnormal Behavior is Also Complex, Multifaceted, and Has Evolved The Supernatural Tradition Has No Place in a Science of Abnormal Behavior,Warning Signs Adults,Confused thinking Prolonged depression (sadness or irritability) Feelings of extreme highs and lows Excessive fears, worries, and anxieties Social withdrawal Dramatic changes in eating and sleeping habits Strong feelings of anger Delusions or hallucinations Growing inability to cope with daily problems and activities Suicidal thoughts Denial of obvious problems Numerous unexplained physical ailments Substance abuse,Warning Signs Younger Children,Changes in school performance Poor grades despite strong efforts Excessive worry or anxiety ( i.e. refusal to go to bed/school) Hyperactivity excessive Persistent nightmares Persistent disobedience or aggression Frequent temper tantrums,Warning Signs Older Children & Pre-Adolescents,Substance abuse Inability to cope with problems and daily activities Change in sleeping and/or eating habits Excessive complaints for physical ailments Defiance of authority, truancy, theft, and/or vandalism Intense fear of gaining weight Prolonged negative mood, often accompanied by poor appetite or thoughts of death Frequent outbursts of anger,Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology,What is a model, theory, viewpoint, or paradigm? Set of assumptions & concepts that help us explain & interpret observations Uni-dimensional Multidimensional,Models of Abnormality,One-Dimensional: Psychodynamic Theory,Central assumption: Abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious, dynamic, conflictual forces Sigmund Freud (1856 1939),Freud and Abnormal Behavior,3 UNCONSCIOUS forces: Id “pleasure principle” Ego “reality principle” Superego “morality principle” Abnormal behavior arises from intrapsychic conflict Emphasis: Early childhood,Freud and Abnormal Behavior?,Ego-defense mechanisms: Denial Fixation Projection Regression,Freud and Abnormal Behavior?,Psychosexual Stages of Development Oral (0 to 18 months of age) Anal (18 months to 3 years of age) Phallic (3 to 5 years of age) Latency (5 to 12 years of age) Genital (12 years of age to adulthood),Other Psychodynamic Theories,Newer psychodynamic models: Anna Freud - influence of the ego in defining behavior Object-relations theory focuses on early relationships Object = images, memories, and values of others Introjection incorporation of objects Interpersonal theory focuses on the development of problematic interpersonal tendencies Neo-Freudians De-emphasized the sexual core of Freuds Theory Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson,Psychodynamic Therapies,Talk Therapy Unearth the hidden intrapsychic conflicts “The real problems” Therapy Is Often Long Term Techniques Free Association and Dream Analysis Examine Transference and Counter-Transference Issues Efficacy Data are Limited Video: Psychoanalytic Session,Behavioral Theory,Central assumption: Abnormal behavior is learned Emphasizes observable, environmental factors Forms of conditioning: Classical conditioning proximal events elicit the same response Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936),Classical Conditioning,UR Salivate,UR Salivate,US Meat,Tone,CS Tone,CR Salivate,US Meat,+,Behavioral Theory,Forms of conditioning (cont.): Generalization- similar response evoked by similar stimuli Operant (instrumental) conditioning B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Reinforcement increases desired behavior Positive (obtain consequence) and negative (avoid consequence) Punishment decreases desired behavior Observational learning (modeling) Albert Bandura,Behavioral Therapies,Goal: Replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors by applying learning principles Techniques include: Extinction Shaping Systematic desensitization,Cognitive-Behavioral Theory,Central Assumption: Abnormal behavior is caused by faulty cognitions Attribution theory process of assigning causes to events Schema organized structure of info about a certain domain in life,Antecedent Consequence,Belief,Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy,Goal: Change faulty thoughts to change emotions and behavior Becks cognitive therapy Help clients recognize the negative thoughts, biased interpretations and errors in logic,Humanistic Theory,Central Assumption: Human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive Self-actualization People are basically “good” Focus on individuality,Humanistic Theory and Therapies,Carl Rogers “Client-Centered” Therapy Goal: Achieve congruence and self-actualization Unconditional positive regard Empathic understanding Genuineness,Existential Theory,Central Assumption: Maladaptive behavior is a natural part of the human condition Constant state of “becoming” Emphasis on loneliness and isolation Anxiety is not only natural, it is necessary and beneficial,Existential Therapy,Goal: Help clients live in more self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways Recognize personal freedom and accept responsibility for self,Biological Theory,Central assumption: Abnormal behavior is caused by malfunctioning parts of the organism,Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior,Biological Factors Genetics Physiology Neurobiology Behavioral Factors Emotional Influences Social Factors Developmental Factors,The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects,Kandel - Gene-Environment Interactions The Diathesis-Stress Model Blood-injury-injection phobia Alcoholism,The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects,Kandel - Gene-Environment Interactions The Diathesis-Stress Model Blood-injury-injection phobia Alcoholism Genes are not the whole story No individual genes for disorders Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology Less than 50%,Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology,The Field of Neuroscience The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior Human Nervous System (2 Branches) CNS Brain and spinal cord PNS Somatic and autonomic branches,The Neuron- Basic Building Block,The Neuron Soma Dendrites Axon Axon terminals Synapses Function: Electrical Communication: Chemical Neurotransmitters,Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure,Two Main Parts Brainstem and forebrain Three Main Divisions Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain,Physiology and Function,Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems,PNS - Somatic Voluntary muscles/movement PNS - Autonomic Sympathetic and parasympathetic Cardiovascular system & body temperature Endocrine system/digestion The Endocrine System Hormones Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) Integration of endocrine and nervous system function Ex: Cortisol and anxiety and mood disorders,Neurotransmitters: Functions & Types,Functions Agonists Inverse agonists Antagonists Main Types and Functions of Neurotransmitters Serotonin (5HT) Depression Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Anxiety Norepinephrine and beta blockers Working memory? Dopamine and L-Dopa Schizophrenia/Parkinsons Disease,Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters (cont.),Figure 2.12 Manipulating serotonin in the brain.,Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology,The Brain and Abnormal Behavior OCD Schizophrenia Psychosocial Influences Alters brain structure and function Therapy Impacts on brain structure/function Medications and psychotherapy Depression,The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science,Conditioning and Cognitive Processes Respondent and operant learning Learned helplessness Modeling and observational learning Social learning Prepared learning Cognitive Science and the Unconscious Implicit learning Blind sight Stroop paradigm,The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology,Emotion Elicits or evokes action Action tendency different from affect and mood Intimately connected to psychopathology Components Behavior, physiology, and cognition Ex. Fear Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and psychopathology,Components of Emotion,Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology,Cultural Factors Influence form and expression of behavior Gender Effects Social Effects on Health and Behavior Frequency and quality are important Related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology Stigma of Psychopathology Culturally, socially, and interpersonally situated,Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology,Life-Span Developmental Perspective Developmental changes influence/constrain normality The Principle of Equifinality Several paths to a given outcome Paths vary by developmental stage Ex: Autism,Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology,Multiple Causation Rule, not the exception Helpful in explaining behavior Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective Biological Psychological Social, cultural, and developmental factors Utility for psychopathology Etiology (causes) Prevention Treatment,Application to Alzheimers Disease,Biological Genetics: PS-1, APP 2% of all cases Neurotransmitters: cholinergic deficit hypothesis Cerebral: loss of temporal and parietal mass Neurobiological: amyloid beta (40 & 42) Endocrinological: insulin, cholesterol,Application to Alzheimers Disease,Behavioral and Cognitive Diet, exercise Learned helplessness Cognitive activation Expectancy theory Cognitive reserve theory,Application to Alzheimers Disease,Emotional Depression Endogenous/exogenous Hope and hopelessness Support Engagement in life Spirituality,Application to Alzheimers Disease,Social Stigma Marginalization of elderly Changing social demographics Publicity Funding Gender effects Intersection with age Cultural effects Intersection with genetics,Application to Alzheimers Disease,Lifespan/Developmental Onset and course Symptom phenotype Equifinality Many roads to the same outcome,Chapter 3 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis,Assessing Psychological Disorders,Purposes of Clinical Assessment To understand the individual To predict behavior To plan treatment To evaluate treatment outcome Analogous to a Funnel Starts broad Multidimensional in approach Narrow to specific problem areas,Three Concepts Determine t