2014高考英语二轮语法篇专题：专题8情态动词和虚拟语气.ppt

专题八 情态动词和虚拟语气,情态动词,一、情态动词 定义：情态动词是一种本身具有一定词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用的词。它给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。 二、情态动词的特点 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属于非及物动词，故没有被动语态。,三、情态动词的语法特征 (1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 (2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 (3） 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，即其第三人称单数不加s。 (4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式，分词形式，也没有相应的动名词。 四、情态动词的基本用法,【考点一】考查表示能力的情态动词 情态动词can和could可以表示能力；be able to do强调设法成功完成某一具体动作(相当于manage to do/succeed in doing)。 If it were not for the fact that she cant sing, I would invite her to the party. 【即学即练】 单项填空 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could 解析:选C。考查情态动词。have to不得不； would表示意愿或过去常常；could倾向于表示经过长期训练而获得的能力；be able to 表示经过努力而能够做到的事或成功地做了某事。根据句意，选C。,【考点二】考查表示请求或允诺的情态动词 (1)向对方提出建议时用：Shall/May/Might/Can/Could I/we.? Shall he/she/they.?Would/Will you.? (2)could/might/would/should表示委婉的语气,其肯定回答时不用could/might表示，用may/can;否定回答时用cant/mustnt。 Could/May I use your bicycle tomorrow morning? Yes, you can/may. Shall he come to see you? Of course, please. And Id rather he told me the truth. 【考点三】考查情态动词表示推测的用法,注意：1. 在肯定句中一般用might, may和must；否定句中用might not, may not, couldnt和cant;疑问句中用could和can。can还可用于肯定句中表示客观的或理论的可能性。 2. might, could并非may, can的过去式，它们表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 【即学即练】 单项填空 Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will 解析:选A。might have done(过去)可能做过某事；should have done本应该做某事。根据句中提供的情境表明,说话人可能把闹钟关上了。,【考点四】考查情态动词表示责备、批评、抱怨,注意：didnt need to do sth. 表示没有必要做某事其实也没有做。 【即学即练】 单项填空 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. A. should have taken B. could have taken C. neednt have taken D. Mustnt have taken 解析:选C。should have done本应该做而实际上没做；could have done表示对过去的假设，意为“本来能够做某事而没有做”;neednt have done本不需要做却做了；must have done通常用于肯定句，故D项排除。根据句子语境可知，选C。 【考点五】考查would rather的用法 (1)would rather do sth.意为“宁可(愿)” (2)would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁可（愿）（而）不要（愿）；与其不如可改写成 “would do sth. rather than do sth.”。 (3)would rather+从句（虚拟语气）表示“宁愿，但愿”。用一,般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示已经做过的事或过去要做的事。 I would rather you had stayed with us yesterday, but you left. 【即学即练】 单项填空 _, he is well. But I would rather to see him yesterday. A. Personally; go B. Personally; have gone C. As far as I am concerned; / D. As far as I am concerned; went 解析:选B。“would rather动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况，再根据would rather后跟虚拟语气的用法和句子语境可知，选B。 【考点六】考查used to的用法 used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在。在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句中，其变化形式如下：,【考点七】考查情态动词的其他用法 must表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦，意为“偏要，非得”。 cant but do sth./cant help/choose but do sth.意为“不得不做某事，只好做某事”。 may well + 动词原形，表示“完全能，很可能”，相当于be likely to do sth.。 may as well + 动词原形，表示“最好；满可以；倒不如”。 cant(never等否定词)与enough连用，表示“再也不为过”，相当于“cant.too.”。 may可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 Just as I was sitting down to supper, the telephone must ring. Since he cant win the race, he may as well quit.,虚拟语气,定义：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。,【考点一】考查虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的基本用法,【即学即练】 单项填空 If the weather had been better，we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day. A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining 解析:选A。句意为：如果天气好的话，我们是能够去野餐的，但是下了一天的雨。句子前半部分陈述的是与过去事实相反的事情，所以用了虚拟语气；“下了一天的雨”是事实，所以用陈述语气。 【考点二】考查含蓄虚拟条件句 这样的虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句，主句谓语动词的形式与虚拟语气的基本用法相同。 But for your help/Without your help, we couldnt have finished the task ahead of time. 【即学即练】 单项填空 Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we_ it without you.,A. can manage B. could have managed C. could managed D. can have managed 解析:选B。由语境可知，这里要表达的意思是“如果没有你们辛勤的工作，我们不可能处理好这件事。”这是对过去发生的事实的虚拟，所以要用could have done。 【考点三】考查主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句中，主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now, too. If he knew her, he would have greeted her. If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better.,【即学即练】 单项填空 Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 解析:选B。句意为：如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆的话，很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情，从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。 【考点四】考查省略非真实条件句中的if 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if 可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首。 Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 【即学即练】 单项填空 _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be cut off. A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. May you be,解析:选B。分析句意可知，空格处表示条件关系。当条件从句谓语动词中含有were, should, had时，将其移至句首，省略if，句子结构为省略倒装结构。故选B。此处相当于:If you should be。 【考点五】考查名词性从句中的虚拟语气 在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等动词或名词（suggest, demand, order, require, insist, propose, advise, suggestion, advice, proposal等）的名词性从句和在it作形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中，宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或理应如此”等含义时，从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。 He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off until next week. It is strange that he (should) have acted towards his parents like that.,【即学即练】 单项填空 Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York？ I agree，but the problem is _he has refused to. A. will not be sent；that B. not be sent；that C. should not be sent；what D. should not send；what 解析:选B。上半句句意为：难道你不认为必须把他送到迈阿密而不是纽约吗？句意表示理应如此的含意。 【考点六】考查其他虚拟语气 (1)wish后面接宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用“had+动词过去分词”；表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词用“should/would+动词原形”。 注意：if only与as if/though用法相同。 I wish I knew the answer.(与现在事实相反) I wish I had known the answer. (与过去事实相反),I wish you would shut up. (与将来事实相反) (2)If only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气，表示愿望；用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 If only I were taller. (与现在事实相反) If only he had followed your advice! (与过去事实相反) If only the rain would stop. (与将来事实相反) (3)It is (high/about) time that sb. did sth./should do sth., 从句中谓语动词常用过去形式，有时也用“should+动词原形”，意为“该是的时候了”。 It is time you thought about your future. (4)would rather后面接从句时表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。I would rather you didnt speak rudely to her. (与现在事实相反) Id rather you hadnt spoken rudely to her. (与过去事实相反) (5)在lest/in case/for fear that.引导的目的状语从句，若用虚拟语气，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。 He took his umbrella lest it should rain.,2013高考真题 【2013北京】35. - You neednt take an umbrella. It isnt going to rain. - Well, I dont know. It do. A. might B. need C. would D. should 1【答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词。第一个人说不会下雨，第二人回答I dont know，因此可知，到底下不下雨是不能肯定的事情，故使用might表推测“有可能”。 【2013湖南】32. He _ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it. A. wouldnt B. shouldnt C. couldnt D. mustnt 2【答案】C 【解析】考查情态动词。根据后文“although he tried to”可知他不能入睡。故选C。 【2013江西】29. When I was a child, I _ watch TV whenever I wanted to. A. should B. could C. must D. need 3【答案】B 【解析】考查情态动词。A项“应该”；B项“能够”；C项“必须”；D项“需要”，根据句意，当我还是孩童的时候，每当我想看电视的时候都能够看。故答案选B。,【2013辽宁】31. Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He _ too much at the party last night. A. could drink B. should drink C. would have drunk D. must have drunk 4【答案】D 【解析】考查情态动词。此处考查情态动词对过去发生事情的推测。根据句意：Harry感觉不舒服。昨晚的聚会上他肯定喝得不少。对过去发生事情的肯定推测，用must have done，故选D。 【2013陕西】21. The children lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled. A. must have got B. must get C. should have got D. should get 5【答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词。副词otherwise之前的句子表示推测，之后的句子表示虚拟。句意为：孩子们肯定在树林里迷路了；否则的话，他们就该按计划在湖边的宿营地了。故选A，must have done表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，意为：过去肯定已经。 【2013四川】5. Why are your eyes so red? You _ have slept well last night. Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. wont 6【答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词。根据语境“眼睛那么红，昨晚不可能睡得很好”可知，此处考查情态动词can的否定式cant表推测，意为“不可能”。cant have done表示对过去的推测，意为“过去不可能”。故选A。,【2013天津】9. No one be more generous; he has a heart of gold. A. could B. must C. dare D. need 7答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词。译为：不可能有人比他更慷慨；他有一颗善良的心。cant/ couldnt表不可能，故答案选A。 【2013新课标II卷】6. Since nobody gave him any help, he have done the research on his own. A. can B. must C. would D. need 8【答案】B 【解析】考查情态动词。根据句意，由于没人帮他，因此他定是一个人做的那个调查。情态动词must表肯定推测。故选B。 【2013新课标I卷】29.The door open , no matter how hard she pushed. A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. wouldnt D. mightnt 9【答案】C 【解析】考查情态动词。此处描述主语the door的特点“老是打不开”，其固有的特性，用情态动词would（will）描述，故选C。,【2013浙江】3. I _ myself moreit was a perfect day. A. shouldnt have enjoyed B. neednt have enjoyed C. wouldnt have enjoyed D. couldnt have enjoyed 10【答案】D 【解析】考查情态动词。此处情态动词否定式couldnt与比较级more搭配表达最高级的意义；couldnt此处表推测“不可能”。答案为D。 【2013重庆】26. - What are you doing this Saturday? - Im not sure, but I go to the Rolling Stones concert. A. must B. would C. should D. might 11【答案】D 【解析】考查情态动词。根据“Im not sure”可知说话者不能确定，因此使用might表示推测，表示“有可能”。 【2013安徽】34. It be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words. A. may B. couldnt C. should D. neednt 12【答案】B 【解析】考查情态动词。根据原因状语从句“因为你认识很多单词”可知“在练习中不可能是词汇给你造成了这个问题”，故选B表推测“不可能”。,【2013北京】34. If we a table earlier, we couldnt be standing here in a queue. A. have booked B. booked C. book D. had booked 13【答案】D 【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意：如果我们早点订桌的话，我们就不可能在这里站着排队了。可知if从句是对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时态。 【2013福建】30. -Do you think George has passed the driving test? -No. If so, he _ his car to our college yesterday. A. would drive B. drove C. would have driven D. had driven 14【答案】C 【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意，如果这样的话（乔治已经通过驾照考试），他昨天就驾车来我们大学了，可知是对过去的虚拟。If so= If he had passed the driving test，主句使用情态动词+ have done。故答案选C。 【2013江苏】30. I should not have laughed if I you were serious. A. thought B. would think C. had thought D. have thought 15【答案】C 【解析】考查虚拟语气。此处为if虚拟条件句，其主句使用的是should have done，可知是对过去的虚拟，故从句用过去完成时态表示对过去的虚拟。,【2013陕西】12. My mom suggests that we eat out for a change this weekend. A. should B. might C. could D. would 16【答案】A 【解析】考查虚拟语气。题干关键词为suggest，表示建议，其后所接的名词性从句应用“（should+）动词原形”的虚拟语气，故选A。 【2013天津】14. If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he able to speak it much better now. A. will be B. would be C. has been D. would have been 17【答案】B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。此题为if虚拟条件句，从句时间为before，故是对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时态，主句时间为now，故是对现在的虚拟，因此用情态动词过去式后接动词原形，答案为B。 【2013浙江】8. Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam _ at the age of six months old. A. was B. be C. were D. is 18【答案】B 【解析】考查虚拟语气。题干关键词为recommend，表示“推荐，建议”，后接宾语从句时应用（should+）动词原形的虚拟语气，此处省去了should，故答案为B。,【2013重庆】29. - It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella. - Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we A. hadnt B. havent C. didnt D. dont 19【答案】A 【解析】考查虚拟语气。虚拟条件句主句从句均为对过去的虚拟，if从句使用过去完成时态，故选A。 【2013安徽】28. I to my cousins birthday party last night, but I was not available A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone 20【答案】D 【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意：昨晚我本想要去参加我表亲的生日聚会，但我没空。选项中能表示对过去虚拟的只有D答案：用情态动词过去式后加have done表示。,2010高考真题和模拟题 1. Jack described his father, who _ a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man.（2010安徽） A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been 解析：选D。句意为：杰克把多年前曾是勇敢男孩的父亲描述为一个意志坚强的人。must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。 2. You _ buy a gift, but you can if you want to. （2010湖南） A. must B. Mustnt C. have to D. dont have to 解析：选D。dont have to 意为“没有必要”，符合语境。句意为：你没有必要买礼物，但如果你想买的话，你也可以买。 3. I have told you the truth. _ I keep repeating it? （2010江西） A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will 解析：选A。must 必须；一定；can 可以, 能够；may 也许；will 将要。句意为：我已经告诉你事实了,我还必须重复一遍吗？,4. I _ have watched that movie-itll give me horrible dreams. （2010山东） A. shouldnt B. neednt C. couldnt D. mustnt 解析：选A。句意为：我本来不应该看那部电影它会使我做噩梦的。表示“本来不应该做而做了某事”用shouldnt have done, 所以A项正确。 5. Mark _ have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. （2010天津） A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. couldnt 解析：选A。句意为：迈克本来不必要那么急的，这么高速驾驶之后，他提前了半个小时到达。用neednt have done 结构，表示“本来不必要做某事而实际上做了”。 6. _ I take the book out? Im afraid not. （2010四川） A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need 解析：选B。表示请求可用情态动词can, may, could, might,表示允许用can, may。句意为：我可以将这本书带出去吗？恐怕不行。故应选表示请求的情态动词may。,7. Just be patient. You _ expect the world to change so soon.（2010全国） A. cant B. neednt C. may not D. will not 解析：选A。考查情态动词。cant不可能；neednt没有必要；may not可能不; will not 将不会。句意为：要耐心。你不能期望世界会这么快地改变。 8. I havent got the reference book yet, but Ill have a test on the subject next month. Dont worry. You _ have it by Friday. （2010江苏） A. could B. shall C. must D. may 解析：选B。could能够；must 必须; may也许；可以。shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还可以表示强制，命令，威胁，警告，符合语境。 9. May I take this book out of the reading room? No, you _. You read it in here.（2010陕西） A. mightnt B. wont C. neednt D. mustnt 解析：选D。考查情态动词。could，might表示询问或征求意见的问句中，肯定回答要用can或may来代替could或might；may或might表示征求意见的问句中，否定回答用mustnt，故选D。,10. Im afraid Mr. Harding _ see you now. Hes busy. （2010全国） A. cant B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. neednt 解析：选A。考查情态动词。句意为：恐怕Harding先生现在不可能见你，他很忙。cant用于疑问或否定句中表推测。 11. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _ be regular exercise. （2010辽宁） A. can B. will C. must D. may 解析：选C。考查情态动词。句意为：医生说锻炼对身体健康重要，但是必须是有规律的锻炼。can表示“可能；能力”；will表示“愿意”；may表示“可能”；must表示“必须”。由句意可知，选C。 12. Good morning. Ive got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. Ah, good morning. You _ be Mrs. Peters. （2010北京） A. might B. must C. would D. can 解析：选B。根据语境，双方应是事先预约好的，所以双方都明确彼此的身份，故用must表示“一定”。,13. “You _ have a wrong number,” she said. “Theres no one of that name here.”（2010浙江） need B. can C. must D. would 解析：选C。need需要；can能，可以；must一定，必须；would要，会。由语境可知，空格处的词对目前的情况作出肯定判断。 14. Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday. Oh, you _ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. （2010上海） A. must B. mustnt C. should