版2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit4Earthquakes讲义新人教版必修1061101.doc

Unit 4Earthquakes重点单词1crack n裂缝；噼啪声vt.& vi.(使)开裂；破裂2event n事件；大事3ruin n废墟；毁灭vt.毁灭；使破产4track n轨道；足迹；痕迹5useless adj.无用的；无效的；无益的6trap vt.使陷入困境n陷阱；困境7bury vt.埋葬；掩埋；隐藏8shelter n掩蔽；掩蔽处vt.掩蔽，遮蔽；庇护9damage n& vt.损失；损害10sincerely adv.真诚地；真挚地11outline n要点；大纲；轮廓12headline n报刊的大字标题13earthquake；quake n地震14burst n突然破裂；爆发vi.爆裂；爆发burst (过去式)burst (过去分词)15nation n民族；国家；国民national adj.国家的；民族的nationality n国籍16extreme adj.极度的extremely adv.极其；非常17injure vt.损害；伤害injury n损害；伤害injured adj.受伤的18destroy vt.破坏；毁坏；消灭destruction n毁坏；毁灭19shock vt.& vi.(使)震惊；震动n休克；打击；震惊shocked adj.震惊的shocking adj.令人震惊的20rescue n& vt.援救；营救rescuer n救援者21electricity n电；电流；电学electric adj.用电的electrical adj.与电有关的；电气科学的22disaster n灾难；灾祸disastrous adj.毁灭性的；灾难的23mine n矿；矿山；矿井miner n矿工24frighten vt.使惊吓；吓唬frightened adj.受惊的；受恐吓的frightening adj.令人恐惧的25congratulation n祝贺；(pl.)贺词congratulate vt.祝贺26judge n裁判员；法官vt.断定；判断；判决judg(e)ment n意见；判断力；审判 27express vt.表示；表达n快车；速递expression n表达；表示；表情重点短语1right_away 立刻；马上2as_if 仿佛；好像3at_an_end 结束；终结 4in_ruins 严重受损；破败不堪5dig_out 掘出；发现 6a_(great)_number_of 许多；大量的7judge_by/from 根据/由判断 8be_buried_in 埋头于重点句型1部分否定的用法All hope was not lost.(教材P26)2everywhere引导状语从句Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.(教材P26)3“all of关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.(教材P30)4be doing sth when意为“正在做某事这时(突然)”The man was sleeping downstairs when the earthquake happened.(教材P31)语法要点定语从句()(that, which, who和whose引导)1A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses, roads and canals.(教材P26)2The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400,000.(教材P26)3Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.(教材P26)4Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.(教材P26)1burstvi.& vt.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发；突然出现nC突然破裂；爆发In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.(教材P26)在市内，有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来。(1)burst in/into 闯入；突然破门而入(2) 突然哭起来/笑起来(3)burst into(4)burst with anger/joy 勃然大怒/乐不可支(5)a burst of 一阵The police burst in/into the house and arrested the gang.警察突然闯进房子逮捕了那帮人。Aileen burst out crying (cry) for a while, and burst into laughter (laugh) for another moment, which left us at a loss.艾琳一会儿突然哭起来，一会儿又突然笑起来，这使我们一头雾水。He burst with anger when he found out the truth.当发现真相后他勃然大怒。Reading The Emperors New Clothes, I had to let out a burst of laughter over his foolishness.读了皇帝的新装，我不禁为他的愚蠢而捧腹大笑。2ruinnU毁灭；毁坏；pl. 废墟；遗迹vt.毁坏；(使)破产；(使)堕落In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.(教材P26)在可怕的15秒内，一座大城市就沦为了废墟。(1)(2)ruinA large number of churches fell into ruin after the war. 战争过后，许多教堂都被毁了。Bad weather ruined our holidays.坏天气把我们的假日全给搅了。3injurevt.损害；伤害Twothirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.(教材P26)他们中有三分之二的人在地震中伤亡。(1)injure ones pride/feelings/reputation 伤害某人的自尊心/感情/名声(2)(3)This could seriously injure the companys reputation. 这会严重损害公司的声誉。Her boyfriend was badly injured in an accident and he may become a vegetable.她男朋友在事故中受伤严重，可能会变成植物人。When we reached the scene of the accident, we were told that the injured (injure) had been sent to the nearest hospital.当我们到达事故现场时，我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院。Last week, four police officers suffered serious injuries (injure) in the explosion.上周，4名警官在爆炸中受重伤。【比较网站】injure指由于意外或事故而受伤，精神上的伤害多用hurt。hurt受伤，既可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上的伤害。wound指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤，尤指战争中、战斗中受伤。4buryvt.埋藏；掩埋；隐藏；使沉浸；使专心The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.(教材P26)军队组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，并将死者掩埋。(1) 埋头于；专心于(2)bury ones face/head in (ones) hands双手掩面/抱头Ever since he moved there, he has_buried (bury) himself in his research work.Ever since he moved there, he has_been_buried (bury) in his research work.自从搬到那里以后，他一直专注于研究工作。Buried (bury) in his study, he didnt know that all the others had left.他埋头学习，不知道其他人都早已离开了。She buried her face in her hands and cried when she heard the bad news.当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。【提示】 表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有：be devoted to, be lost/engaged/absorbed in, focus/concentrate on, fix/concentrate ones attention on。5judgen裁判员；法官vt.断定；判断；判决Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.(教材P30)五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都同意这是今年最好的。(1)(2)judging by/from从上看；根据判断(3)If he had played a part in the film, he would have_been_judged (judge) to be the best actor this year.如果他当时出演了那部电影的话，他就会被评定为今年的最佳男演员了。Judging (judge) from the above story, we can draw the conclusion that we dont judge a book by/from its cover.从上面的故事判断，我们可以得出这样的结论：我们不要以貌取人。In my judgement (judge), it is necessary to pay him a visit.在我看来，有必要去拜访一下他。【提示】 judging from/by表示“从来看；根据来判断”，用在句首时为一个独立成分，不受句子主语和时态的影响。1at an end结束；终结It seemed as if the world was at an end! (教材P26)似乎世界末日来临了！(1)(2)make (both) ends meet使收支相抵；量入为出(3)(4)They had reached a divorce settlement, which effectively announced their marriage came to an end.他们已经签署离婚协议，该协议正式宣告他们婚姻的终结。Her sudden arrival put an end to their meeting.她的忽然到来使他们的会议终止了。His efforts were well paid in the end.他的努力终于得到了回报。At first the actor refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing (apologize)最初这名男演员拒绝承担有任何责任，到头来还是道了歉。2a (great) number of许多；大量的Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping.(教材P27)那么多的人丧生是因为地震发生时人们正在睡觉。(1)(2)the number of可数名词复数单数谓语(3)不可数名词(4) (5)many a可数名词单数单数谓语Now a great number of college graduates are (be) seeking to get a highpaid job. But the number of posts available for them is (be) often not enough.如今很多大学毕业生努力想找一份高薪的工作，但适合他们的岗位的数量却经常不足。A great deal of money was_donated (donate) to a university by an ordinary worker, which aroused public attention.一位普通工人向一所大学捐赠了很多钱，这引起了公众的关注。With more and more forests cut down, large quantities of soil are_being_washed (wash) away.由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，大量的土壤正被冲走。【提示】 “large quantities/amounts ofn.”作主语时谓语动词用复数，而“a large quantity/amount ofn.”作主语时谓语动词用单数。1allnot并非所有的都All hope was not lost.(教材P26)不是所有的希望都破灭了。【句式点拨】该句是表示部分否定的句型。allnotnot all，意为“并非所有的都”。(1)英语中的all, both, each, every, everybody, everything, completely, always, whole, entirely 等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。(2)英语中的no, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, no one, nowhere, no more, no longer, no way 等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。Its impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because not all of them are fit for them.Its impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because all of them arent fit for them.并非所有的求职者都能找到工作，因为并非所有人都胜任这些工作。I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with everything.我同意你说的大部分内容，但我并非同意你讲的一切。Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Great Wall.我的一生中，印象最深的就是第一次参观长城。2be doing sth when意为“正在做某事这时(突然)”The man was sleeping downstairs when the earthquake happened.(教材P31)那个人正在楼下睡觉，突然发生了地震。【句式点拨】句中when为连词，引导时间状语从句，意义上相当于at that time，意为“就在这时(那时)”，往往具有突然性。I was going out when I heard a knock at the door. 我正要出门时听到了敲门声。I was_having (have) supper when it suddenly rained. 我正在吃饭，这时突然下起雨来。【拓展延伸】 when用作此意义的连词时的常见句型有：(1)be doing sth when 正在做某事，这时(突然)(2)be about to do sth when 正准备做某事，突然(3)be on the point of doing sth when 正要做某事，这时(4)had just done sth when 刚做完某事，突然.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)1Her friends expressed their congratulations (congratulate) to her when they heard the good news.2We were_shocked (shock) when we heard they had got killed in the accident.3There is worldwide concern about the destruction (destroy) of the rainforests. 4It is useless (use) arguing with Bradford, because he is too stubborn.5She walked here and there on the playground as if looking (look) for something.6. As an old saying goes, failure is never quite so frightening (frighten) as regret.7A number of bombs have exploded in the downtown, seriously injuring (injure) at least five people.8The doctors reputation(名声) was_ruined (ruin) in the accident. Nobody believed that he was innocent.9Knowing someone else cares and hearing an expression (express) of that caring make us feel less alone.10Even if youre running on a path or in a park with no cars, always be aware of other runners and cyclists (cycle).单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)1At the end of the war, much of Europe and Asia was in ， and America stood alone as the worlds economic superpower. 2The meeting came to end and he set down many key points.3Maria looked at the picture, and then to my surprise she burst / of laughter. 4. from what he said just now, he must be an honest man.5The brother expressed in concern for everyone in the family but said nothing about what he himself was feeling. 6John pretends as if he know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.7An appeal is being made for help for those lost their homes in the earthquake.8We entered the room, from window we could see the tower clearly.9As China develops fast and steady, a number of foreigners learning Chinese as a second language.10The girl was sitting on the bench in the park, her head in the novel.课文语法填空The Tangshan Earthquake was 1a natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll.Just before the earthquake, strange things were happening: The water in the village wells rose and fell; a 2smelly (smell) gas came out of the cracks of the wells; the chickens and even the pigs were 3too nervous to eat. In the city the water pipes in some buildings cracked and 4burst (burst)When the earth began to shake, it seemed as if the world was 5at an end.Even 1/3 of the nation felt the earthquake.A huge crack that was 8 kilometers long and 30 meters wide cut6.across houses. In 15 terrible seconds a large city 7lay (lie) in ruins. 2/3 of the people died or 8were_injured (injure) during the earthquake.The number of people 9who/that were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.All of the citys hospitals, 75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were 10gone (go).阅读理解AMike Godwin is an American lawyer and author who invented “Godwins Law” in 1990 when he made the following statement：As an online discussion grows longer, a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler is very likely to be made.Godwins Law is applicable to online discussions in forums, chat rooms, and on blogs. The term has earned a place in the Oxford English Dictionary：Godwins Law: noun. A facetious aphorism(有趣的格言) maintaining that as an online debate increases in length, it becomes certain that someone will eventually compare someone or something to Adolf Hitler or the Nazis.Although coined to describe an Internet phenomenon, the term is being applied to the use of “the Nazi card” in other contexts.A complaint by many forum users is that the socalled law is ending discussion. One makes a Nazi comparison and another cries, “You said Hitler, so I win！” At that point, the discussion ends. The term has created a verb, “to Godwin，” as in, “You Godwined this discussion！”The mention of Godwins Law has come to be seen as a way to end an online discussion. Here is a complaint voiced by a forum user：It seems like Godwins Law is becoming a real problem for any sort of discussion on the internet. Whenever Hitler, or Nazis, is brought up in a discussion, the discussion is then over and the poster who mentioned the subject is laughed at. This would be a problem if people mention Godwins Law when the Hitler/Nazi mention is relevant to the topic at hand.语篇导读本文为说明文，介绍了高德温法则的来历以及意义，并举例对其进行说明。1What will certainly happen according to “Godwins Law” if the online discussion is lengthened?AThe debaters will maintain their justice.BThe debaters will mention Hitler or Nazis.CThe debaters will earn a place in the forum.DThe debaters will become very sick and tired.解析 B细节理解题。根据第二段可知，当网上辩论时间变长时，参加讨论的人非常有可能会提到希特勒或者纳粹分子，故选B项。2What does the underlined word “coined” in the fifth paragraph mean probably?ABuilt. BAdapted. CClassified. DInvented.解析 D词义猜测题。根据第五段可知，Godwins Law这个词一开始是用来描述网络现象的，后来又开始用于其他情境，所以该画线词表示“创造(新词语)”，故选D项。3What is the mention of “Godwins Law” viewed as in a discussion?AA way of objection. BA way of complaint.CA way of ending it. DA way of creating words.解析 C细节理解题。 根据第六段第一句和第七段第一句以及两段中给出的具体例子可知，某讨论一旦出现这样的类比即意味着结束，故选C项。B(2018辽宁五校高三模拟)Shortness of breath has many different causes, and the treatment of it is specific for each cause.4_ There are, however, some following first aid steps you can use to treat it, at least until the ambulance arrives or youre able to get the victim to a hospital. 5_ The more energy you spend, the more oxygen you use and the more short of breath you feel. Think about a good workout at the gym. Exercise hard enough and you will feel short of breath. The cure? Take a break. Let the victim sit, stand or lie wheres the most comfortable. Therere lots of myths about how some body positions supposedly provide more airflow. Coaches regularly tell players to hold their arms above their heads to maximize chest expansion. Nursing staff assume the “tripod position” is the best position.6_ Use oxygen. This is a special case used only for people with chronic lung problems. If the victim has oxygen available, this is what its for.7_ The victim may have been told by his or her doctor that too much oxygen for too long might cause more problems. Assure the victim that sudden increases in shortness of breath are the instances in which oxygen is needed most. Treat the cause of shortness of breath.8_ Asthma patients, for example, often have multiple tools and drugs to fix sudden shortness of breath. Victims of lung infections may need to see a doctor and heart attack victims may need an ambulance.AHave the victim rest. BTake more exercise at the gym. CThe victim should use his or her oxygen as directed by a doctor. DTherere many causes of shortness of breath and many of them are treatable. EThe victim can try to avoid making use of his or her oxygen whenever possible. FEvery person is different, however, so let the victim decide what position is the most comfortable. GIn many cases, the only way to treat shortness of breath is to call 911 or take the victim to a doctor. 语篇导读本文为说明文，主要讲述了呼吸困难的发生有很多原因，同时提出了四种急救方法。4解析 G顺承关系。本段主要讲呼吸困难有很多原因，治疗呼吸困难有不同的方法，因此空处应讲治疗呼吸困难的一般方法，且与下文构成转折关系，故选G项。5解析 A总分关系。根据本段中的The cure? Take a break可知，本段主要讲让患者休息这种方法，故选A项。6解析 F递进关系。根据第三段的主题句可知，此处表示每个人感觉舒服的姿势都不同，所以空处应讲让病人决定最舒服的姿势，故选F项。7解析 C递进关系。根据本段的主题句可以判断，此处指要在医生指导下使用氧气，故选C项。8解析 D顺承关系。根据空处上下文可以判断，此处表示呼吸困难有很多原因，并且其中很多都是可以治疗的，故选D项。.完形填空Sarah lived on a farm with her family. She was _1_ to learn to track, to identify each person and where they were going by the marks they left on the ground. And if her father couldnt teach her, shed teach herself. To the _2_ of her family, she borrowed all their _3_ and taught herself to recognize everyones footprints in the sand. More than once her father came outside shouting, “Sarah, bring me _4_ my boots.” Sarah developed the habit of walking around with her eyes fixed on the ground, _5_ the comings and goings of every _6_ in the place. She also developed the annoying habit of _7_ everyone. “What were you doing down at the dam, Jack? Youre not _8_ to play there.”“Did you find what you were _9_ in the garage, Auntie？” and “Who was the stranger visiting today wearing size ten boots, Mum？”After shed _10_ every pair of shoes that everyone _11_,_she turned to the farms animals. By this time _12_ her victims had to admit, _13_,_that she was good. Her best _14_ came one evening when she said the horses front foot was _15_. Her father said that the horse was _16_ fine. Sarah _17_ that its hoof(蹄) had a split. Sarahs father _18_ the horses hoof. “Youre _19_. The hoof is split. How did you know？” “You can see it in its _20_.” Sarah moved the horse away. “Look, its plain in the sand.” “If you can tell it has a split hoof from that sand, youre pretty good，” said her father. 语篇导读本文为记叙文，讲述了萨拉学习通过脚印来跟踪、识别人的技术的故事。1Adetermined BforcedCappointed Dencouraged解析 A根据下文中的And if her father couldnt teach her, shed teach herself可知，如果她的父亲不教她，她就自学；据此可以判断，她决心学习通过别人留下来的足迹跟踪、识别人的技术。be determined to do sth决心做某事，为固定搭配，故选A项。2A.expectation Bannoyance Cdisappointment Ddelight 解析 B根据下文中的More than once her father came outside shouting可知，她的父亲不止一次朝她发火；由此可以判断，她的行为给家人带来了烦恼(annoyance)。下文中的She also developed the annoying habit of也是提示，故选B项。3A.shoes Bbooks Csocks Dtools解析 A根据该句中的taught herself to recognize everyones footprints in the sand和下文中的bring me _4_ my boots可知，她借来了所有家人的鞋子(shoe)来自学识别沙地中每个人的脚印，故选A项。4A.up Bout