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AUTISM,What is Autism?,Autism is the most severe of the developmental disabilities with an incidence of approximately 1 per 1000 live births.,Originally thought of as an emotional disorder caused by inadequate mothering, it is now recongnised as having an organic basis.,The primary problem in autism is the way the brain processes and integrates information, resulting in problems of social interaction, communication and behavior.,Several causes have been identified and a variety of neurological mechanisms are involved. Although autism is a severely handicapping condition, outcomes for autistic people are improving as more effective interventions.,Signs Of Autism,May avoid eye contact May prefer to be alone Insistence on sameness Echos words or phrases Difficulty interacting with others,Spins objects or self May not want cuddling No real fear of dangers Difficulty in expressing needs, may use gestures,Inappropriate response or no response to sound Inappropriate attachments to objects Inappropriate laughing or giggling Apparent insensitivity to pain Sustained unusual or repetitive play Uneven physical or verbal skills,How is Autism Diagnosed?,There are no medical tests for diagnosing autism. An accurate diagnosis must be based on observation of the individuals communication, behavior, and developmental levels. However, because many of the behaviors associated with autism are shared by other disorders, various medical tests may be ordered to rule out or identify other possible causes of the symptoms being exhibited.,Since the characteristics of the disorder vary so much, ideally a child should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team which may include a neurologist, psychologist, developmental pediatrician, speech/language therapist, learning consultant, or another professional knowledgeable about autism. Diagnosis is difficult for a practitioner with limited training or exposure to autism.,Sometimes professionals who are not knowledgeable about the needs and opportunities for early intervention in autism do not offer an autism diagnosis even if it is appropriate. This hesitation may be due to a misguided wish to spare the family. Unfortunately, this too can lead to failure to obtain appropriate services for the child.,Treatment,Evidence shows that early intervention results in dramatically positive outcomes for young children with autism. While various pre-school models emphasize different program components, all share an emphasis on early, appropriate, and intensive educational interventions for young children.,There have been 3 major approaches to treatment for children with autism over the years: psychodynamic, medical and behavioural.,Psychodynamically-oriented therapies dominated the early work when autism was viewed as an emotional disorder and some of these interventions are used today.,Biological interventions have included drug and vitamin therapies. Behavioural approaches have followed the principles of learning to teach appropriate behaviours and eliminate inappropriate ones in p