伦理学和伦理论证.ppt

伦理学和伦理论证 Ethics and Ethical Reasoning,为什么要学习伦理学？Why study ethics? 什么是伦理学？What is ethics? 伦理学和宗教？Ethics and religion 伦理评价和其它评价？Ethical and other types of evaluation? 伦理学和理性？Ethics and reasons 伦理推理和论证？Ethical reasoning and arguments 伦理学基本理论？Ethical theory 道德是否可教？Can ethics be taught?,为什么要学习伦理学 Why study ethics?,案例1：Case 1: James McElveen had fallen from a thirty-foot cliff while on an outing with friends in Tennessee. he was unconscious and bleeding heavily as his friends drove him forty three miles to the nearest hospital. one of them, Benny Milligan , knew that James needed to go to the emergency room but had no insurance. However ,because he had read in the press about cases in which uninsured emergency room patients in his state were reportedly not given the best care , he was worried that his friend would not receive adequate treatment. In a panic, Mr. Milligan checked his friend into the hospital with his own medical insurance card.,Mr. McElveen received not only excellent emergency aid, but also fist -class ongoing treatment. His total bill of more than $41,000 was sent to the federal government because Mr. Milligans medical insurance coverage was from a government space-shuttle project on which he had been working . In September 1992, the deception was discovered, and both Mr. Milligans and Mr. McElveen were convicted of fraud and conspiracy to defraud the government. They were ordered to repay the $41000 and were given prison terms. There was no question that they had lied . However, they argued that the health care system was unfair and that they had feared for Mr. McElveens life. Was their action justified?,Case 2. 是否告知癌症病人其病情？ 是否允许晚期绝症病人安乐死？ Case 3. 一位眼科医生在手术过程中，发现角膜库里的角膜用完，遂到该医院太平间摘取角膜给患者换上，使其复明。,Case4. 新闻中的伦理问题？,为什么要学习伦理学？ Why study ethics?,学习伦理学有助于我们认识和应对： 1.什么是对和错？（伦理学基本理论）Whats simply right and wrong? (ethical theory) 2.如何处理道德难题？（社会道德难题）How to deal with moral issues? (social moral issues) 3.我应该做什么？（个人道德选择） What should I do? (personal choice),什么是伦理学？ What is Ethics?,关于伦理学的几种不同观点： （Different opinions）: 1.伦理学是个体或群体的价值观或道德原则 Ethics is the set of values or principles held by individuals or groups. 2.伦理学研究人们持有的各种价值观？ Ethics is a study of the various set of values that people do have. 3. 伦理学就是批判地考察人们的行为 Ethics is a critical enterprise.,What is Ethics?,定义（Definition）: 伦理学，也叫道德哲学，它探讨什么是好的生活；是否有客观的对错；如果有，我们怎样才能认识。 Ethics ,or moral philosophy, asks basic questions about the good life , about what is better and worse, about whether there is any objective right and wrong, and how we know it if there is. 分类： 规范伦理学 Normative ethics 元伦理学 Metaethics 描述伦理学Narrative ethics,伦理学和宗教 Ethics and Religion 1.许多人从他们所信仰的宗教中形成他们的道德观Many people get their ethical or moral views from their religion. 2. 从哲学上讲，道德并不必然要宗教作为其基础Philosophers believe that ethics does not necessarily require a religious grounding. 3.然而，宗教为有些人提供了一种道德的动机和灵感 Religion may still provide a motivation or inspiration to be moral for some people 伦理学和其它评价 Ethics and Other Types of Evaluation 描述判断Descriptive judgment: Sociology ,Psychology 规范判断Normative judgments : Ethics ,Law, Aesthetics, Religion,Custom,伦理学和理性Ethics and Reasons 伦理推理和论证Ethical reasoning and arguments 伦理推理和论证的结构 the structure of ethical reasoning and argument. 凡是挽救一个有价值的生命的行为总是应该的 Whatever saves a valued life is always justified 这个行为挽救了一个有价值的生命 This action saves a valued life. 因此，这个行为是应该的 Therefore this action was justified. 2. 评价和做出好的论证 Evaluating and making good arguments 避免两种谬误：个人偏好、循环论证 (two fallacies: Ad hominem fallacy; Begging the question or arguing in a circle.),伦理学理论 Ethical theory 道德理论- 道德原则- 道德判断 ethical theory-ethical principle-ethical judgment 几种伦理学理论Types of ethical theory 1.后果论或目的论（如功利主义） Consequentialist or sometimes teleological moral theories (eg. Utilitarianism) 2. 道义论（如康德伦理学） Nonconsequentialist or deontological theories (eg. Kants Moral Theory) 3. 自然主义 Naturalistic ethical theories 4. 女性主义关怀伦理学Feminist theories of care,道德是否可教？ Can ethics be taught?,苏格拉底：美德是否可教？ Can virtue be taught?,1.伦理学可以为我们提供理论工具和方法，帮助我们了解道德问题的本质，批判地考察道德问题 Ethics should help students understand the nature of an ethical problem and help them think critically about ethical matters by providing certain conceptual tools and skills. 2. 伦理学可以引导我们尊重不同观点 Ethics should lead students to respect opposing views. 3.伦理学可以促使我们考虑以前从未重视或认真思考过的一些观点的合理性 Ethics should provide opportunities to consider the rea