英语国家概况.ppt

Industrial Revolution of 1776,Background: 1）Early American industry depended largely on skilled artisans（工匠，手艺人） working in small shops to serve a local market. 2)The Industrial Revolution that started in England during the 18th century did not take long to cross the Atlantic. It brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860. 3)American social and political leaders planted the seeds of industrial growth.,Industrial Revolution of 1776,Process：1）Developing the factory system, gathered many workers together in one workplace and produced goods for distribution over a wide area. the first factory in the United States is generally dated to 1793, it was a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, that combined carding, roving and spinning operation. but its built by an Englishman not American.（罗德岛州波塔基特是市棉纺厂） 2）A second development was the “American System” of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800.,Industrial Revolution of 1776,Process: 3)In 1913 , the auto-maker Henry Ford introduced the “moving assembly line”. Improving efficiency and saving in labor costs. lower costs made possible both higher wagers and lower prices for consumers. Thus, more and more Americans were gaining the ability to purchase products. 4)During the first half of the 20th century, mass production of consumer goods such cars, refrigerators and kitchen ranges helped to change the ways in which Americans lived.,Industrial Revolution of 1776,Process: 5）A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. steam engine powering steamboats locomotives the economic activity increased as a result of new inventions. Sewing machines, telegraph, food-processing plants, Electric light bulb, phonograph, electric household products.,Industrial Revolution of 1776,6)A fourth development was the emergency of new forms of business organization, notably the bank and corporation, which facilitated the growth of industry. the first American commercial bank appeared in the 1780s and more banks soon followed. Not until 1863 did the United States create a truly national banking system with a standard paper currency.,Industrial Revolution of 1776,7）Finally, the construction of railroads beginning in the 1830s, marked the start of a new era for the United States. By providing transportation links between far-flung parts of the United States, the railroads increased business activities and the spread of settlements. Helping to support the heavy industries that expanded rapidly in the decades after the Civil War. One growing Industry specialized in machine tools.,Up to the 1880s, the bulk of American income came from farming. The census of 1890 was the first in which the output of American factories was shown to exceed that of American farms. Thereafter industry in the United States grew by leaps and bounds. By 1913, more than one-third of the World industrial production came from the United States.,The centurys two World wars spared the United States the devastation suffered by Europe and Asia. By the time World War two ended in 1945, the United States had the greatest productive capacity of all of the worlds nation. The 20th century has seen the rise and decline of a succession of industries in the United States. The auto industry, long the centerpiece of the American economy, has had to meet the challenge of foreign competition.,Current recession,In 1930s a severe economic crisis occurred in the United S