英语四级写作技巧.ppt

CET-4,Writing,CET-4 写作考试常识 1. 命题范围 2. 大纲要求 3. 评分标准 4. 写作体裁,命题范围,现实性：大学生的学习、工作及课余生活或涉及当前社会的变化、发展及进步，或者一般的科普性的话题。总之，四级写作的题材不会出现偏题、怪题等现象，也不会让学生写一些不熟悉的社会现象或者与学生生活缺乏联系的科技题材的题目。 近年真题回顾 2011.6 Online Shopping (adv & disadv, sug) 2010.12 How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? (phe, parents should) 2010.6 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling (reason for the phe, solution) 2009.12 Create a Green Campus 2009.6 Free Admission to Museums (purp, prob, view),大纲要求,评分标准,写作体裁,论说文、图表作文、应用文、记叙文、描写文、说明文 历年四级作文各体裁考试情况统计 应用文（8考）：口头作文（3考）、书信作文（5考） 论说文（34考）：提纲作文（31考）、图表作文（3考）,论说文-提纲作文,一对立观点型论说文结构模式（1995.1,1998.6, 2000.6,2006.12） (99-6)Reading Selectively Or Extensively? 有人认为读书要有选择 有人认为应当博览群书 我的看法 二问题解决型论说文结构模式（1992.6,1996.6 1997.6, 2000.1, 2001.1, 2010.6 &12） (10-12)How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 为了让孩子独立，父母应该 三. 说明利弊型论说文结构模式（1995.6,2008.6,2011.6) (11-6)Online Shopping 现在网购成为一种时尚 网购有很多好处，但也有不少问题 我的建议 四. 阐述主题型论说文的结构模式（09.12） (06-6) Students Selecting Their Lecturers 1) 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师 2） 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素 3） 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,一对立观点型论说文结构模式,引出话题- 一种观点认为 另一种观点认为我的观点 (结论) (99-6)Reading Selectively Or Extensively? 有人认为读书要有选择 有人认为应当博览群书 我的看法,next,一对立观点型论说文常用句型,点明主题常用的句式 1 has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person. 2. There is an argument /much disagreement /no consensus of opinions among people concerning /over /as to /on 3. Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether 4. Different people have different views /perspectives on. 5. When being asked about , Different people will offer different answers. 6. There is a public debate/discussion /controversy today about the problem of 7. The issue of whether or not has been widely argued /debated currently.,next,具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式 Some people suggest /maintain /hold the opinion that/ But /However/ While/ Nevertheless/Yet other people hold a different point of view Some people are inclined to think that On the contrary/ In contrast, there are still many people who wont agree, and they claim When it comes to some people think/believe that while others argue/ claim that the opposite/ reverse is true. Those who criticize /oppose to /object to argue that But people who advocate /favor, on the other hand, maintain/assert that Now it is commonly /generally/ widely/universally thought/ accepted/believed /held that . But I wonder/ doubt whether To the general public / popular mind, But despite/ in spite of / I still believe . Nowadays, an overwhelming majority of people think that Nevertheless, there are still some people of the opinion that,一对立观点型论说文常用句型,next,陈述自己观点的常用句式 For my part/ As to me/ As far as I am concerned, Id like to agree to the former/ my favor goes to the first view. I agree to the latter opinion to some extent. I m in favor of / I m on the side of In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right decision. There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but,一对立观点型论说文常用句型,back,二问题解决型论说文结构模式,1描述情况（问题）分析原因我 的对策或看法 2. 提出问题 分析各种解决方法 结论 (10-12)How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 为了让孩子独立，父母应该,next,引出话题的常用句式 1. Nowadays, has become a problem we have to face. 2. Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem 3. Although has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well. 4. Recently, the rise in the phenomenon of has drawn / aroused/ captured worldwide attention. 5. Recently, the issue/ problem/ question of has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/posed among public attention. 6. In recent years, many cities/ nations/people have been faced /troubled with the serious problem of. 7. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention. 8. Nowadays more and more people come to realize/be aware of the importance of. 9. Thanks to Chinas reform and opening-up policy, the past two decades have witnessed great economic development and social transformation. 10. With the rapid/ amazing/fantastic development /growth/improvement of economy, great changes have taken place in. 11. One of the urgent /pressing problems /issues we are confronted with is that 12. It is undeniable / There is no denying the fact thathas become the utmost concern among people nowadays. 13. Once in a newspaper, I hit upon/came across a reporter that .,二问题解决型论说文常用句型,next,二问题解决型论说文常用句型,分析原因的常用句式 1. Here are many /several /a number of/ a variety of reasons for it. First. Second Finally. 2. The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing, For another 3. What has possibly contributed to this problem? In the first place In the second place. 4. Perhaps the main /primary/ most important reason is 5. is also /partly/ solely/ chiefly responsible for the problem. 6. It is no easy job to identify the reason for which involves several complicated factors. For some For others 7. A number of factors could account for/ lead to/contribute to/result in/ be conductive to 8. This problem may result from/ be attributable to/ be largely due to/ stem from a combination of factors. 9. The explanation for this phenomenon involves many complex reasons. For one thing, For another 10. Some people may think that is to blame for this problem, but its causes go still/ far deeper. 11. It will exert a far-reaching /profound impact/ influence/ effect on 12. Admittedly, it may create /give rise to /bring about a host of problems. 13. There are a variety of reasons for this phenomenon.,next,二问题解决型论说文常用句型,提出解决方法的常用句式 1. The first key factor to solve this problem is Another key factor is 2. People have found many solutions / approaches to dealing with this problem. 3. We can figure out many ways to relieve the present crisis. 4. Then, how should we solve this problem? Here are some suggestions, which may be of some help. 5. Faced with, we should take a serious of effective measures to cope with the situation. 6. It is high time that. Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately. 7. Obviously, if we ignore/ are blind to this problem, the chances are that/ it is most likely that/ there is every chance that will be put in jeopardy. 8. We need to take a fresh/ clear look at this matter/ situation in a new perspective/ from a wider standpoint. Otherwise, we wont come anywhere near solving it. 9. It is essential/ indispensable that proper actions/ effective measures should be taken to reverse this situation/trend. 10. It is hoped/ suggested that considerable/great efforts should be directed to/focus on 11. There is no easy/immediate solution/ approach to the issue of, but might be beneficial/ helpful. 12. No effective/ simple solution can be at hand/ in sight to resolve/ tackle the problem of But the general awareness of the importance of might be the first step in the right direction.,back,三. 说明利弊型论说文结构模式,描述某一现象(事物)分析其优点分析其缺点我的态度或看法（最好给出相应的理由或者提出更好的方法以减少某现象可能带来的负面效应. ） 11-6)Online Shopping 现在网购成为一种时尚 网购有很多好处，但也有不少问题 我的建议,next,三. 说明利弊型论说文常用句型,说明事物优点的常用句式 1. There are several advantages in/of The first/ biggest advantages is that 2. Nothing / Few things can equal/ match with / be compared with in terms of 3. For all/ In spite of / Despite the disadvantages/ side effects, it has its compensating advantages/ beneficial effects. 4. has a positive impact/ influence/ effect on peoples lives. 5. is playing an increasingly important role in peoples lives.,next,三. 说明利弊型论说文常用句型,说明事物缺点的常用句式 1. However, , just like anything else, has its negative side as well. 2. Of course, the disadvantages can not be ignored. 3. However, it still has some drawbacks. 4. However, just as everything has two sides, also has many disadvantages. 5. However, may also cause/ bring about/lead to /result in/contribute to some problems. 6. However, its often blamed for its obvious defects. 7. Everything has two sides, is no exception. 8. As the proverb goes, every coin has its two sides/ no garden without its weeds/ every medal has its reverse.is no exception. 9. However, the negative aspects are also apparent/ obvious/evident. To begin with, To make matters worse, . Worst of all, 10.The side effects has exerted on human beings can be boiled down to several major ones as follows. First, Second, In addition,.,next,三. 说明利弊型论说文常用句型,说明事物利大于弊的常用句式 1. As to me, I think the advantages outweigh/ carry more weight than the disadvantages. 2. Anyway, I still believe has more advantages than disadvantages. 3. But for me, I think what is more important is its positive side. 4. The advantages of/ derived from far outweigh/ are much greater than the disadvantages/ problems entails(带来,使成为必要).,back,四. 阐述主题型论说文的结构模式,1) 格言成语: 揭示蕴意以例证展开论证结论(号召或建议) 2) 一种现象. 分析其中原因我的看法(前景预测或评价) 3) 引出主题我的观点总论 (06-6) Students Selecting Their Lecturers 1) 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师 2） 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素 3） 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题 其常用句型参考前三种类型的常用句型,back,论说文-图表作文,图表作文的写作方法 1仔细观察研究图表内容，包括图表的文字说明部分和图表中的具体数据部分，以弄清图表所试图反映的趋势、问题或现象。 2在充分领会图表信息的基础上，结合标题和其题目要求构思文章布局。一般来说，图表作文均可采用这样的标准结构： 第一段：描写数据的主要趋势，对数据进行比较分析，总结归纳图表所呈现的主要特征。 第二段：分析揭示图表表象后面的原因。 第三段：下结论,Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How People Spent Their Holiday. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.,1上图所示为了1990年，1995年、2000年某城市人们度假方式的情况，请描述其变化； 2请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3得出结论。,next,范文-,How People Spent Their Holidays As can be seen from the table, the past decade have witnessed dramatic changes in the way people spent their holiday between 1990 and 2000. In 1990, 63% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure dropped considerably to 24% in 2000. It is obvious from the table that people tended to be more and more mobile, and they wanted to get entertainment in the outside world. What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with, with the rapid development of economy, people earn by far more money than they used to. Thus, people are able to afford traveling expenses. Secondly, People think it important to get well-informed about the outside world in this new era when everything is on the move. Traveling, of course, is a sure way to achieve this goal. Whats more, in this competitive society, people are usually under great stress. However, it is not difficult to find traveling an effective way to relieve peoples stress and get relaxation. Last but not least, by traveling outside, people are close to nature, which is not only beneficial to both their health and peace of mind. In conclusion, people prefer to go traveling rather than stay at home during holidays for a combination of reasons. Moreover, it seems that this trend will last in the foreseeable future.,应用文,1综观历年四、六级写作考试总的趋势是应用性增强，考生有必要熟悉这一应用文文体的写作，尤其是书信作文的写作。 2常见的书信类投诉信、询问信、道歉信、感谢信、邀请信、求职信、求学信和推荐信。 3.注意书信格式 英文书信通常包括六个部分：Heading（信头），Inside Address（信内地址），Salutation（称呼），Body of Letter（信的正文），Complementary Close（结束语），Signature（签名）。,Dear Mr. President, Im very lucky to attend this world-famous university, but Im afraid Im not content with the canteen service on campus. Firstly, the quality of the dishes should be improved. Undoubtedly, there are a lot of delicious dishes, but all the year round, they are the same. More and more students are complaining about eating the same food each day. So I think the most urgent problem is variety. Secondly, the price is a bit too high. Many of us hope that the canteen can provide us with not only delicious but also cheaper food. Finally, the environment is so noisy that we cant enjoy our meals in good mood. I suggest that there be some soft music to help us relax. These suggestions are not just of my own, but also of many other students. We hope our respectable president will pay attention to our suggestions. By the way, the canteen workers are very patient and always smiling. So I think if our university offers them better conditions, they will offer us better service. Best wishes, Li Ming,模 板,称呼 对不相识的男子，单数常用Sir, Dear Sir,或 My Dear Sir；复数常用 Dear Sirs 或 Gentlemen。 对不相识的女士，单数常用Madam, Dear Madam, 或 My Dear Madam；复数常用 Mesdames或My Dear Mesdames 对比较熟悉的男子，一般称Dear Mr.即可； 对比较熟悉的女士，一般称Dear Mrs (或 Miss).即可。 熟人和亲人之间通信，可用下列称呼（按亲密程度排列）：Dear David; My dear David, Dearest David, My dearest David, My dearest, Darling David, My darling, My very own darling等。 有头衔的可把头衔缩写放在名字前，如 Prof. Wang, Dr. Liu, 等 信的正文 称呼下方隔一二行处开始写正文。写信与写文章一样，要分段写，每段有一个中心思想，内容表达清楚，语言简单明了，态度诚恳礼貌。给亲友的信还应该亲切热情。,书信格式,结束语 结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二三行处，从中间写起，第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。 给机关团体或不相识的人可用： Yours truly或Truly yours Yours faithfully或Faithfully yours Yours sincerely或Sincerely yours 给上级或长者的信可用： Yours respectfully或Respectfully yours Yours obediently或Obediently yours Yours gratefully或Gratefully yours 给一般熟人或朋友的信可用： Yours, Yours ever, Ever yours, Yours as ever, 或 Yours sincerely 给亲属或挚友的信可用： Yours affectionately, Lovingly yours, Your loving son (child, sister.),或Yours devoted friend 签名 即写信人署名，写在结束语下面偏右处。,书信格式,Cet-4 写作应试技巧,一、写作的几个基本步骤 二高分作文技巧 布局谋篇 遣词造句,写作的几个基本步骤,1、审题。 （以2011.6为例） 2构思。 在草稿纸上写下所能想到的观点和关键词，然后认真筛选。 3. 选择合适的框架之后动笔行文 4检查修改。,审题, 构思,（2011.6） Online Shopping 1. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2. 网上购物有好多好处，但也有不少问题 3. 我的建议 第一段，现象阐释。（简练） 第二段，从利弊两方面讨论网购。 写作模式：网购优点（主题句+支撑句） +网购缺点（转折句+支撑句）+总结句 第三段，从网购还存在的问题考虑提出建议。 （网购不能看到实物，法律规范网上购物欺骗行为等方面给建议）,检查修改,（1）单词拼写和句式表达是否正确 （2）字母大小写和标点符号是否正确。 （3）主谓是否一致以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性如何。 （4）指代使用是否准确 （5）动词形式，涉及时态、语态、语气等。 （6）避免词性混用，包括形容词与副词、名词与动词、形容词与动词等。 （7）句式是否有变化。 （8）每一段话是否都紧扣文章的主题，是否都得到了充分的展开。 （9）文章是否连贯，是否使用了过渡性词语，句子之间和段落之间是否都具有逻辑性和条理性。,高分作文技巧-布局谋篇,1）整洁的卷面和漂亮的书写。 2）字数要达到最低要求。作文字数控制在120150词。不要认为写得越长，分数就越高。有时候甚至会适得其反。 3）结构要完整，脉胳要清晰。四级作文要写出一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到45分，如果写了2段最多也只能得到67分。所以作文的框架和书写是让老师给你一个不错分值段的关键之关键。 4）避免低级错误。,高分作文技巧,段落特征,1段落的一致性 它要求一个段落只能阐述一个主题思想。换主题或讨论、阐述问题的另一方面时，必须另起一段。段落的一致性主要在于段落主题句和扩展句在意义上的统一，段落中所有内容必须与段落主题思想有关，段内各句都必须支持、发展或服务于段落的中心思想，任何与主题无关的句子，哪怕是美妙的句式结构、名言绝句也必须舍弃，否则会破坏段落的一致性。 2段落的连贯性 段落的连贯性指的是段落中的句子安排要符合一定的条理和逻辑顺序，而且句子与句子之间衔接要紧密，过渡要自然、流畅，只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白作者在说什么。反之，如果条理不清、思维紊乱，则会破坏段落的连贯性。获得段落的连贯性的方法主要有两种：1）按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排细节（主要有按时间顺序、空间顺序、一般与具体顺序、重要与非重要顺序四种）；2）使用恰当的连接手段。 一个段落在结构上有三个主要的组成部分：1.主题句 2.扩展句（支持句）3.总结句（结尾句）。,高分作文技巧,1. 写好主题句的要点,1）主题句必须是一个完整的句子，而不是短语. A) Worries about population pressure. (残缺句) B) Worries about population pressure are far from new. （完整句） How to drive a car. ( X ) Anyone can learn how to drive a car. ( ) A) Five easy steps in changing a tire. ( X ) B) There are five easy steps in changing a tire. ( ),高分作文技巧,1.写好主题句的要点,2）主题句必须紧扣文章的主题。 POLLUTION 1. Pollution is becoming more serious all over the world. Part of this problem is the worlds exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our very civilization. 2. People are now showing a real concern over this problem. Scientists are urging that drastic solution be worked out before it is too late, and the public are demanding that government take firm action against polluters. The earth is our home and we must take care of it-for ourselves and for the next generation. 3. Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. First, many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate. Also, new laws have been passed to exercise strict controls over industrial pollutants. In addition, more sewage treatment plants are being built, and new pollution-control devices developed. Doing all this will enable us to have a cleaner world.,高分作文技巧,1.写好主题句的要点,3）主题句要内容具体 主题句若概括面太宽，则会使段落主题含糊不清以致很难用一段话讲清楚。因此，主题句一定要考虑段落所能阐述的限度，做到主题突出。如：Taken in moderation, alcohol is rather harmless and is even beneficial in relieving feelings of stress. 该句具体，表达了如果喝酒适量，那么它并不有害，相反，有时甚至有利于减轻压力。若将 taken in moderation 去掉的话，涵盖的面也略显得大了一点。 主题句不能含糊其词，令读者费解，产生误解。如 “The emphasis(?) has not always been the same. ” 这个句子就不适合做主题句，因为它没有表达一个清楚的主题思想。但我们如果将这句话改为The emphasis on producing wealth and maintaining a high standard of living has not always been the same.,高分作文技巧,1. 主题句的写作技巧,1. 表示人的名词或代词做主语的句子 College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world. People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons. We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs. Young people today are badly influenced by TV. 2. 表示物的名词做主语的句子 Information plays an indispensable role in modern life. Diligence is a key factor to success. Sports benefit people in many ways. Recreational activities fall into two major types. 3. 用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语 Owning a private car is very convenient. Keeping pets can lead to some problems. Studying abroad benefits students in many aspects.,4. 用“There +be + 名词”句型来写主题句 There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars. There are innumerable advantages of keeping pets. There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities. There are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate. 5. 用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型 It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities. It is necessary for us to get to know about the society. It is desirable/ advisable for young people to go abroad to study.,1. 主题句的写作技巧,2. 扩展句特点,扩展句是段落主题句的延伸和发展，对主题句的中心思想或者举例说明，或者解释或论证。具体特点如下： 清晰详实 扩展句不可言之无物，而要具说服力，绝不可只考篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。 条理分明 必须条理分明、脉络清晰，先说什么，后说什么，应有个合理的安排, 一步步地论证叙述主题。在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词为宜。,高分作文技巧,2.写好扩展句的要点,、避免写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走题。 主题句通常带有一些关键词，这些关键词对全段内容起着主导作用，而一个段落中的扩展句都必须紧紧围绕这些关键词对该段的主题内容进行扩展，切忌写一些与主题内容毫不相关的句子，破坏段落意义的统一。 例如： Here are the directions to get to my house from yours. You walk two blocks north and then