汉英翻译考研辅导.ppt

汉英翻译考研辅导,辅导范围,翻译是英语专业考研必考项目。 基础英语翻译部分 翻译专业 学术型：理论+实践 实践型：翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试考试大纲 万变不离其宗：翻译能力，语言基础,备考基本方法,1、知己知彼，百战不殆 结合报考院校的专业试题， 研究出题模式， 分析题材难度， 文学题材？实用题材？文言文？ 制定备考计划。,2、制定计划，勤学巧练 训练资料题材、篇幅 训练时间考试时间、状态调整-思路清晰 训练方法译与悟（方法总结：谋篇技巧） 实战演练（总结应考策略）： 卷面整洁，书写清晰；提高速度，保证质量。 HOW?,汉英翻译的思考,一、积累与翻译（Input） 二、写作与翻译（Output） 练笔,1.why？ 汝果欲学译，功夫在译外。基本功、知识面 and in terms of translational competence we must also face the fact that even the best translator will occasionally learn something new about both source and target languages and cultures. Life is continuous education.(Dollerup,2007:14) 汉英翻译的特殊性,一、积累与翻译（Input）,基本功,我今天要力言的是，翻译并不是学了翻译就会的。有很多东西要学，要知道。如果不在基本功上下功夫，如中西书读得多，读得通，文笔好，仅仅研究译学，恐怕此路不通。走也走不了多远。译当然可以译，乱译也行，不过这种译文若是给名家看到，里面的毛病就很多了。也永远不能译得出人头地。译文要叫别人看了心悦诚服，拿来欣赏，不容易。（思果，2002：1-5）,2.What ?,1）表达方式词语、句子 重症监护室 ICU intensive care unit 急诊 emergency（ treatment，clinic） 门诊 an outpatient clinic各科门诊，临床; an outpatient department CT: Computerized tomography 计算机化X线体层照相术 PET： positron emission tomography 正电子发射X线体层照相术 医学美容室； Medical Cosmetology ： plastic surgery整形外科,中国特色词语英译,公积金 public housing fund 工薪阶层 people on fixed incomes 不良资产 non-performing assets 银监会：中国银行业监督管理委员会 China Banking Regulatory Commission （CBRC ） 证监会:中国证券监督管理委员会 China Securities Regulatory Commission （CSRC ） 保监会： China Insurance Regulatory Commission （CIRC ） 中国人民银行 The Peoples Bank of China,香港廉政公署 Independent Commission Against Corruption of Hong Kong (ICAC) 中国红十字总会 Red Cross Society of China 温锅，乔迁之宴 a housewarming party,2)英汉语的特色、异同,中国的计划生育提倡一对夫妇生育一个孩子。 The family planning policy of China advocates “one couple, one child.” 词与词的对等？ v. publicly support or recommend (a particular cause or policy). Encourage: 1to make sb. More likely to do something, or to make something more likely to happen.2to talk or behave in a way that gives someone confidence to do something.,其中，故宫、长城、周口店北京猿人遗址、颐和园、天坛和明十三陵已被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。 Among these, the Imperial Palace, the Great Wall, Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and the Ming Tombs are listed as the UNESCO World Cultural Heritages. Among these, the Forbidden Palace, the Great Wall, Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and the Ming Tombs are inscribed by UNESCO on the World Cultural Heritages.,句法：了解英汉区别，善于利用区别。 一个外国人，不懂中文，走遍了大半个中国，挺不容易的。 It is really not easy for the foreigner, who does not know Chinese, to have traveled much of China. (形合与意合),思维区别,3. How?（养成习惯）,The carnage began on Tuesday after the Shanghai stock market fell nine percent. It came amid concerns over the state of the economy and subprime mortgage market and followed comments from Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve, about a possible Urecession. Carnage n.大屠杀，成堆的尸体/blogs/freeexchange/2011/08/global-economy 上海股市下跌九个百分点后，周二股价又开始大缩水。出现这个情况，一是有人们对美国经济与房产次贷抵押市场现状担忧的背景，二是受美联储前主席格林斯潘关于美国可能发生经济衰退一番言论的影响。 上证指数 Shanghai Composite Index 美国联邦储备委员会:美联储,1）思考深究的习惯： 速度#质量；浮躁#静心,全球城市適合居住性排名與概述 （Liveability Ranking and Overview） 联合国人居署 United Nations Human Settlements Program，UN-HABITAT原联合国人居中心 “联合国人居奖” UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award 日照，威海 The 2009 Scroll of Honour Award Winners /content.asp?typeid=19&catid=588&cid=7306,2）读书笔记的习惯（本）,Boys are prized in China as they preserve the family name and are viewed as better able to support elderly parents. 延续香火（传宗接代）；养儿防老 His wife lies hospitalized in a vegetative state from a sarin gas attack. 植物人 操千曲而后晓声，观千剑而后识器。眼高。,3）记忆储备的习惯（生活处处有学问）,Libyan rebel Gaddafi faces the end as rebels seize Tripoli 大阿拉伯利比亚人民社会主义民众国 The Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 奥马尔穆阿迈尔卡扎菲 的黎波里 地理位置、石油储量、第三理论 John D. Rockefeller (1839.7.8 1937.5 23) &trust 埃克森美孚公司Exxon mobil 深度-专家 电脑与人脑,Cyber, online, virtual ,virtual world 网络世界，虚拟世界 网恋 cyberlove, cyberromance, cyberadultery 网瘾 Cyberaddiction；Online Addiction； cyberphilia (癖好) ；cyberholic(迷、工作狂) 网友 Cyberpal；buddy 就业准备，积极状态 上大学有没有用，就看你上大学的时候用了没用,二、写作与翻译（Output）,我得顺便补充一句，有些学者中外文都好，可是不懂翻译，他们不能翻译，说的关于翻译的话未必中肯。不用心苦译几十上百万字，一面译，一面研究，一面观察比较，即使中外文都好，也无济于事。不过翻译还可以学，若是中外文根底差，没有写作能力，即使译几十年，也译不好。无药可救。有志做第一流译家的人，不能不从根本下手。（思果，2002：1-5）,And here is my additional remark regarding translators. There are some scholars who are competent in both Chinese and a foreign language, yet who are not competent in doing translation simply because they do not understand what translation really means and their remarks on translation is always off the mark. A translator, despite his/her good command of both languages, can make little progress without translating conscientiously a million words, “conscientiously ” in the sense that he/she, while translating, should shrewdly detect and carefully compare the phenomena between and behind the two languages. It is not wrong to say that one can learn how to translate. But such a learning process could turn out to be a failure if the learner suffers a very poor foundation of both languages, and unable to write anything as a result. Even if this translation learner continues to translate for decades, the quality of his translation would, I am afraid, still remain disappointingly low. Therefore, anyone who is determined to become a first class translator has to lay a solid foundation linguistically and otherwise to begin with.,廉洁的遗嘱,1925年2月24日，国父孙中山病危时，留下一段家事遗嘱：“余因尽瘁国事，不治家产。其所遗之书籍、衣物、住宅等均付吾妻宋庆龄，以为纪念。余之儿女已长成能自立，望各自爱,以继余志。此嘱。” 中山先生艰苦奋斗40年，功勋卓然。但终生廉洁，从未为自己和子女亲属置办过田地遗产。他任过国家临时大总统，官可谓高矣，然而从不追求俸禄。临终留下的遗物只有生前的一些衣物，2000多本书籍杂志，还有一所旅居加拿大的华侨为他募捐的住宅。,A Clean Will,Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, made the following will regarding his family affairs on February 24, 1924, as he was dying of illness: “Dedicated as I have been to the national affairs, it is understandable that I have been unable to build up my family properties. I hereby leave my books, clothes as well as my house to my wife, Soong Chingling as mementos. As for my children, who are all grown-ups and should be able to support themselves, I could only wish that they conduct themselves well so as to carry out my unfinished endeavor.” 1925年2月24日，国父孙中山病危时，留下一段家事遗嘱：“余因尽瘁国事，不治家产。其所遗之书籍、衣物、住宅等均付吾妻宋庆龄，以为纪念。余之儿女已长成能自立，望各自爱,以继余志。此嘱。”,For 40 years, Dr. Sun Yat-sen worked and struggled for the thriving of the Chinese nation. Despite the fact that his revolutionary exploits were monumental, he lived a life clean and honest until his death. Never had he purchased any land or property either for himself or for any of his family members. It is true that he once served as the Republic of Chinas provisional president. In fact, as head of state, he had never sought nor enjoyed a high emolument. It is small wonder that what he left behind upon his death were nothing except some 2,000 books and magazines, plus a residence which had been collectively contributed to him by the Chinese expatriates in Canada. 中山先生艰苦奋斗40年，功勋卓然。但终生廉洁，从未为自己和子女亲属置办过田地遗产。他任过国家临时大总统，官可谓高矣，然而从不追求俸禄。临终留下的遗物只有生前的一些衣物，2000多本书籍杂志，还有一所旅居加拿大的华侨为他募捐的住宅。,注意：,培养加注的习惯：what，How Problems-solutions-reflection(patience)() 1、读者为本 Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Soong Chingling Sun Zhongshan the father of our nation, 国家临时大总统 the Republic of Chinas provisional president (禁带物品)枪支、弹药、弩、匕首等管制器具。 Firearms, ammunition, crossbows, knives and other controlled items Firearms, ammunition, crossbows, knives and other items controlled under the Chinese law.,2、敏感问题,政治、性别、残疾、肤色、种族、宗教等的语言敏感问题。 国父：中华民国的创始人 Sun Zhongshan the father of our nation, 盲人还能参加什么体育项目？ What other sports could the blind participate in? What other sports can people with visual impairment participate in? 视障人士，hearing,3、词语选择,具体与抽象 捕捉具体含义，用词具体，忌抽象、空洞或堆砌大词。 (原文风格一致。) 廉洁：clean， upright，pure : （testament，will） free from moral corruption or sinister connections of any kind ; : free from violations Emolument the returns arising from office or employment usually in the form of compensation or perquisites Overseas Chinese Daily News 华侨日报 expatriate staff 离国服务的工作人员expatriate labour 出国劳工,外籍工人 不治家产，以继余志 build up my family properties carry out my unfinished endeavor 创造更多的就业机会 Create more jobs Create more employment opportunities,Bequeath V. to give or leave by will Bequest= Legacy : a gift by will esp. of money or other personal property Heritage/inheritance遗产,世袭财产,4、语法、语感,保证语法正确 pure will（冠词，大小写） The Peoples Republic of China 面对严重的人口问题，从二十世纪七十年代开始，中国实行计划生育，控制人口增长。 Since 1970s, confronted with the aggravating population problem, china initiated family planning to control the population growth. To reduce the increasing population pressure, China has implemented a family planning policy since the 1970s to control population growth. 语法正确#好译文 Will 与内容的距离，远，saying,5、中英标点符号区别,英文 标点小 句号为圆点 无顿号-改逗号或 and 书名号-斜体，引号，下划线 间隔号-John Smith 省略号三点,中文 逗号多 圆圈,6、语篇,句子之间的衔接 句子内部的衔接与连贯 carry out my unfinished endeavor,长句,积极推进企业人事制度改革，努力形成广纳群贤、人尽其才、能上能下、充满活力的用人机制。 Promote reform of corporate personnel policies and develop general rules of appointment whereby able and virtuous people are selected and put to best use and incompetent ones are removed from office. Reform the personnel system and form a vigorous personal mechanism under which we can gather large numbers of talented people, put them to the best use and get them prepared for both promotion and demotion.,刘淇说，北京奥运新闻中心实行了“一站式”服务，已为三十多家媒体提供了行政审批服务，受理咨询三百多次，在“好运北京”体育赛事中为136家媒体，3644人次提供了媒体服务。 The Beijing Olympic Press Centre has launched a “one-stop“ service, which has since processed administrative reviews and approvals for more than 30 media organizations and handled more than 300 consultations, Liu mentioned. He added that during the Good Luck Beijing events, the Centre provided services to 136 media organizations in 3,644 cases.,各种文体的写作能力,各种文体要求不一，但都要简洁、达意 写作的标准：good English The Elements of Style (by William Strunk) Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace (by Joseph Williams) Economist Style Guide 平行文本的阅读、品味 仿译（仿写） 写日记（口译#言之无物） 英文写作的能力,练笔,口译方向学生在外语学院同传训练室进行口译练习的非课内时间不得低于50小时/学期，即平均每周不得低于3小时，要求学生至少有10万字以上的笔译实践或不少于400小时的口译实践与训练。笔译方向的学生每学期必须完成不少于5万字（以汉字为准计算）的翻译实践，即平均每周必须完成汉语原稿1500字，或英文原稿3000字的翻译实践。,建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。各国政治上应相互尊重，共同协商，而不应把自己的意志强加于人；经济上应相互促进，共同发展，而不应造成贫富悬殊；文化上应相互借鉴，共同繁荣，而不应排除其他民族的文化；安全上应相互信任，共同维护，树立互信、互利、平等和协作的新安全观，通过对话和合作解决争端，而不应诉诸武力或以武力相威胁。反对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治。中国永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。,Create a just and rational international political and economic order. Politically, all countries should observe mutual respect and build consensus instead of being oppressive. Economically, they should promote the development of one another rather than widen their wealth gap. Culturally, they should learn from one another to prosper together, and make sure no culture is excluded. In terms of security, they should work together to forge a new security concept that stresses mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and collaboration. Under this new concept, China is in favor of resolving disputes through dialog and cooperation rather than the use or threat of force. China opposes to all forms of hegemony an power politics; it will, therefore, never seek expansion and domination.,北京外国语大学2008研 考试科目：基础英语 枯叶蝴蝶 徐 迟 峨嵋山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶可能还要美丽些，是峨嵋山最珍贵的特产之一。 当它阖起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶，谁也不会注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止了它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁和憔悴。,它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此，装假作伪这种行径是瞒不过这种生物人的。 人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后，几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加它的身份。枯叶蝴蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。 我们既然有一对美丽和真理的翅膀，我们永远叶不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那些翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。,枯叶蝴蝶 Lappet Butterflies 1.峨嵋山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶可能还要美丽些，是峨嵋山最珍贵的特产之一。 At the foot of Mt. Emei, around Fuhu Temple, there lives a species of butterfly-one of the rarest rarities of the mountain that is probably even more beautiful than the most beautiful butterflies in the world.,Lappet Moth 圆翅枯叶蛾(枯叶蛾科) russetyrsitiadj. 枯叶色的, 红褐色的 of brown with a reddish tinge masquerade: take part in a masquerade pretend to be someone or something that you are not,2当它阖起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶，谁也不会注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止了它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 2. When it closes its wings it resembles a withered tree leaf hanging from a branch-scarcely noticeable to the human eye. When it gathers its wings full of exquisite patterns, it conceals its beautiful colors. When it flutters out from a cluster of blooming flowers and alights somewhere in the middle of its graceful flight, it turns into a dried leaf, not even of a withering yellow, but of a deathly grey.,3.它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁和憔悴。 3.It disguises its shape and colors in order to protect itself, but it cant help ending up in being captured nevertheless, not just because of its beauty, but more because of the withered quality of its appearance that covers up its beauty.,4.它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此，装假作伪这种行径是瞒不过这种生物人的。 It is misled to believe that by so doing it can keep itself out of danger. On the contrary it makes itself more attractive, because there is another creature-man-that is cleverer than this butterfly. This creature is extremely skilled in masquerading himself; no other masquerading whatsoever can slide by under his nose.,5人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后，几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 6到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加它的身份。枯叶蝴蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。 Man captures it, makes a specimen of it and sells it in the market at increasingly high prices. What happens as a result is that there is hardly any of the butterflies to be found-the species is dying out. The government has now decided to put a ban on its capture, but its too late. The ban, instead, multiplies its price. The butterfly is on the verge of extinction.,7.我们既然有一对美丽和真理的翅膀，我们永远叶不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那些翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 7. Since we have got a pair of wings of beauty and truth, we will never close them up. Why do you have to put on the appearance of a withered-leaf-like butterfly, as you are sure to be netted and sold at the market anyway? Isnt it better to fly around freely on your colorful, flashing wings, though some of you will fall prey to man, and keep up the line of your species?,我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。 I want both sides of my wings to shine. I like everything in the world to show their true colors.,1.At the foot of Mt. Emei, around Fuhu Temple, there lives a species of butterfly-one of the rarest rarities of the mountain that is probably even more beautiful than the most beautiful butterflies in the world. 2. When it closes its wings it resembles a withered tree leaf hanging from a branch-scarcely noticeable to the human eye. When it gathers its wings full of exquisite patterns, it conceals its beautiful colors. When it flutters out from a cluster of blooming flowers and alights somewhere in the middle of its graceful flight, it turns into a dried leaf, not even of a withering yellow, but of a deathly grey. 3.It disguises its shape and colors in order to protect itself, but it cant help ending up in being captured nevertheless, not just because of its beauty, but more because of the withered quality of its appearance that covers up its beauty. 4.It is misled to believe that by so doing it can keep itself out of danger. On the contrary it makes itself more attractive, because there is another creature-man-that is cleverer than this butrerfly. This creature is extremely skilled in masquerading himself; no other masquerading whatsoever can slide by under his nose.,5.Man captures it, makes a specimen of it and sells it in the market at increasingly high prices. What happens as a result is that there is hardly any of the butterflies to be found-the species is dying out 6. The government has now decided to put a ban on its capture, but its too late. The ban, instead, multiplies its price. The butterfly is on the verge of extinction. 7. Since we have got a pair of wings of beauty and truth, we will never close them up. Why do you have to put on the appearance of a withered-leaf-like butterfly, as you are sure to be netted and sold at the market anyway? Isnt it better to fly around freely on your colorful, flashing wings, though some of you will fall prey to man, and keep up the line of your species? 8.I want both sides of my wings to shine. 9.I like everything in the world to show their true colors.,一、文学文本的特点,文学文体主要包括散文、小说、戏剧、诗歌 它们之间存在明显差异，但是使用的文学语言却有着共同的基本特点。,（一）形象性 文学语言最显著的特点是其形象性。无论是小说、散文、戏剧还是诗歌，都力图以各种语言手段在读者的脑海中塑造生动鲜明的形象，以达到表情达意的效果.,（二）抒情性 在科技文章中，当叙述科学事实或理论时，使用的语言是客观、中性、不带感情色彩的，而在文学作品中，语言往往为渲染的需要带上了浓重的抒情性。运用得当，就能大大提高作品的感染力。,（三）含蓄性 通篇直白的文学作品很难说是好的文学作品。好的文学作品往往留下足够的空间让读者去想像、去思索、去回味。因此，含蓄性也是文学语言的一大特色。,（四）象征性 文学作品中大量采用象征的手法，而对象征手法的理解往往牵涉到对文化背景和作者本人的了解。有的象征是处于同一文化、乃至不同文化中的人们所共同使用的，如红玫瑰代表爱情，过去西方文化中的象征，现在则被许多东方的文化接受了。,（五）韵律感 文学作品中经常采取押韵、节奏、拟声等手段增强语言的形象性和生动性。 Romance is the privilege of the rich, not the profession of the unemployed. The poor should be practical and prosaic.,（六）讽刺和幽默 文学作品的含蓄性与讽刺和幽默是密不可分的。借助讽刺和幽默，往往能收到比直接批判或直接赞扬更好的效果，因为与其把观点强加给读者，不如引导读者自己去得出结论。,二、文学文本翻译的特点,文学作品属于表现类文体，其翻译手法要运用表现法，而且要密切注意以下几点： 1、 提高文学修养。 加强文学修养，以艺术眼光去领略艺术;在动笔之前，还要尽可能全面深入地了解作者所处的时代、社会和文化背景，作者的个人经历、思想信念、立场观点、人格结构、艺术素养，以及作品本身的体裁题材、主题思想、语言特色、表现程式等方面，予以综合考虑。 然后再制定与之相适应的翻译计划和基本策略，确定追求目标和基本手法，方能胸有成竹，下笔如神。,2、注意形式和内容的统一 文学是一门艺术，文学作品的内容和形式是不可分割的有机整体，因为形式本身就是传情达意的方式，形式的重要性不亚于内容。在文学翻译中，形式是至关重要的因素，决不能仅仅把“意思”译出来就算过关。 Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, yet you cannot play upon me.,3、注意修辞手法。 文学作品的语言艺术集中表现在修辞手法的巧妙运用上，修辞又有消极积极之分。 前者主要从作品的遣词造句，构思谋篇，表达程式（或描写的空间，记叙的时间，抒情的心理，议论的逻辑）等方面使作品达到整体上的明晰、流畅、和谐； 后者则通过各种修辞格的运用进一步求得语言运用的音美、形美、义美，使之具有情感愉悦作用。译者必须在文学作品的语言运用上多下功夫，尤其要注重译语优势的适度发挥。,4、不求形似，但求神似，风格再现 所谓不求形似并非要一概不顾原作形式的保留，而是在求神似的精神指导下采取必要的“变形”措施，使原作的风貌尽出。 诗歌的翻译作为文学翻译的特例，尤其要不惜代价保留原来的诗味，甚至要在创新中平添一点儿诗味。诗味也即是意象、风格。,散文的韵味 文学作品的翻译，是语言艺术，最高境界是再现原文的韵味。,一.声响与节奏 “凡行文字句短长抑扬高下，无一定之律，而有一定之妙。（刘大櫆，清桐城散文家） 文学作品的诵读本身就是艺术。诗歌的节奏声响表现最为突出。 “文章之精妙不出字句声色之间，舍此便无可窥寻。”（姚姬传