高一英语Part1Dec152010.ppt

Dec 15,2010,今日目标 音标：单元音6个 -单词4个 -习语4个 -被动语态,单元音,两个母音在一起时通常只发其中一个母音字母的基本音 i: ea- eat,pea,heat。 ee- bee,feet,heel ie- piece e- me,he i i- it,dig,sit e e- bed,get,set ea- bread a- map,and,black u- but,drug,us,找出下列划线部分发音不同的单词 ( ) 1. A. push B. fun C. sun D. ugly ( ) 2. A. tea B. meat C. weather D. beach ( ) 3. A. back B. fast C. have D. map ( )4.A.never B.leg C.red D.he ( )5.A.study B.puzzle C.bus D.busy,单词1,1. argue a:gju: vt 争论；辩论 构词：argument n. 1. C争论 2. U讨论辩论3. C论据 搭配： argue with / against sb. over / on / about sth. 与某人 争论某事 argue for / against sth. 辩论赞成反对某事 argue that. 主张，认为，争辩说 argue sb into / out of doing sth. 说服某人做不做某事 【考例】What laughing _ we had about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti (意大利式细面条) from plate to mouth. (2004全国卷I) A. speeches B. lessons C. sayings D. arguments 2. compare kmp v.比较 构词：comparison n. 比较 搭配： compare.to. 比拟；比作 compare. with / to. 将和相比较 compare notes 对笔记；交换意见 【考例】 _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (2004湖北) A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared,单词2,3. consider kn sid Vt.考虑 构词：consideration n. 考虑，思考；体谅，顾及 搭配： consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 consider sb (to be / as). 认为觉得某人 consider that- clause 认为 take sth into consideration 考虑 under consideration 在考虑中 【考例】Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. (NMET 1993) to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D.having invented 4. difficulty difiklti n.困难 (1) difficulty (通常作复数) 难事，难点，难题 She met with many difficulties when travelling. (2) 在以下句型中，difficulty是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。 干某事有困难 have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth. there is (some) difficulty (in) doing sth. 在某事上有困难 have (some) difficulty with sth. there is (some) difficulty with sth. 困难地轻而易举地做某事 do sth. with difficulty / without difficulty We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house. Do you have any difficulty with your English? (1) 以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰 (2) 以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。,习语1,1What is sb. like? 这个人怎么样？可以询问人的外貌，更多的是询问某人的成就，品质，性格等内在的东西 What is Liu YuChu like? She is a smart high school student. What does sb. look like？这个人长啥样？仅限于询问外貌 What does Liu YuChu look like? Shes a pretty girl with short hair,big shining eyes. What does sb. like? 这个人稀罕啥呢？ What does Liu YuChu like? She likes KFC. How does sb like/find sth? 这个人觉得这件事怎么样呢？(这个我不是很sure问问你们老师) How does Liu YuChu like English? She found a little difficult but she will get over it! 2. argue with sb. about sth 因和某人争执 I argued with my boyfriend about eating peppers.,习语2,3. enjoy/hate sth/ doing sth喜欢、讨厌做某事，enjoy/hate后面只能加doing没有 to do 的形式 I enjoy spending time with my family. I hate doing exercise. 4. so / nor/ neither + 系动助动情动 + 主语 So it is with.; It is the same with. 当前面既有肯定又有否定 或两个谓语时用so it is/was with 也可以用so it is the same with He likes apples and he doesnt go to school by bus. So it is with her 而so do I 这一类是前面是肯定的情况也适用于另一主语 They go to school by bus. So do we.,被动语态1,（一）被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： （1）am/is/are +done （过去分词） 一般现在时 例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2）has /have been done 现在完成时 例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. （3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例A new cinema is being built here. （4）was/were done 一般过去时 例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. （5）had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. （6）was/were being done 过去进行时 例A meeting was being held when I was there. （7）shall/will be done 一般将来时 例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. （8）should/would be done 过去将来时 例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. （9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例The project will have been completed before July. （10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用） 例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.,被动语态2,2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 （1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。 例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. （2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. （3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. （4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. （5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时态）。 例I dont like being laughed at in the public.,（二）如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省 by 短语）。 例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。 例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了） （三）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。 It is said that 据说， It is reported that据报道， It is believed that大家相信， It is hoped that大家希望， It is well known that众所周知， It is thought that大家认为， It is suggested that据建议。 例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）,被动语态3,被动语态4,（四）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door wont lock. （指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？ 3. 系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable. PS：及物动词后面可直接接宾语，不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语，一般要加介词后再接宾语。,被动语态5,（五）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1. 在need，want，require, hear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。 2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例The picture-book is well worth reading.（The picture-book is very worthy to be read.） 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.（to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。） 试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。） 4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. 5. 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例This book is too expensive （for me）to buy. 6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。） 7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?,被动语态6,（六）介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。 例The building is under construction（is being constructed）. 2.“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief （令人难以置信）， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。 例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）. 3.“above+名词”结构，表示“（品质、行为、能力等） 超过、高于”。 例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough. 4.“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale（出售）, for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）. 5.“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight（在视野范围