语言学简明教程Chapter5.ppt

1,Chapter 5 Grammar: Clause,5.1 Introduction,Clause (小句/子句),a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contain a subject and a finite verb. A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence and often functions as a noun, adjective or adverb.,Traditionally a verb, e.g. in Latin or Greek, inflected for person and number. Now more generally of any verb whose form is such that it can stand in a simple declarative sentence.,2,Clause can be classified into FINITE（限定性) and NON-FINITE（非限定性） clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, participial phrase, and gerundial phrase.,3,A finite clause（限定性分句） has a finite verb. A finite verb has tense. E.g.: “I run daily.” A non-finite clause（非限定性分句） has a verb without tense. E.g.: “.to run daily.“,4,Examples:,1) I hurried home.,( a sentence, also a clause, a simple sentence),3) Because I was late, they went without me.,subordinate clause (从属句),main clause(独立句,主句),complex sentence,2) John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history.,(coordinate sentence/compound sentence),coordinating conjunction,subordinator,5,The word syntax, derived originally from Greek, is made up of two morphemes: syn “together”, and tax “to arrange”, hence the literal meaning “a setting out together” or “arrangement”. In linguistics, it refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the formation of sentences.,6,(-a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。),Syntax (句法),a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.,7,The boy kicked the ball angrily. Boy the ball kicked angrily. The girl caught the boy angrily. The flower smiles happily.,Which are grammatical and which are not, and why?,5.2 Word Classes and Word Order,Determiner + noun + verb + determiner+ noun + adv The dog ate the bone noisily. The boy kicked the ball angrily.,8,Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence,Syntactic relations （句法关系）,9,Positional relation or word order (syntagmatic relation 组合关系),refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of language, the sentence will be ungrammatical or nonsensical.,(e.g. The tall boy has kicked the ball with his right foot angrily. ),Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.,10,Relation of substitutability (paradigmatic relation 聚合关系),refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in the same sentence structures. E.g.,1. The _ smiles. man boy girl,yesterday. 2. He went there last week. the day before.,11,Associative (Paradigmatic) Axis,Syntagmatic Axis,A,C,C,B,C,D,E,C,12,Relation of Co-occurrence （同现关系）,Words of different sets of classes may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.,13,Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.,14,Syntactic category(句法范畴） Any class of units distinguished in the syntax of a language, e.g. Sentence, noun phrase, verb, etc. a category of words having the same grammatical properties Phrase: expansion of words. E.g. the new book; run fast “ head words” Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countability Categories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice,15,Four hierarchical ranks: Sentences(each consists of one or more clauses) Clauses (each consists of one or more phrases) Phrases (each consists of one or more words) Words (each consists of one or more morphemes),16,Sentence 句子 Clause 分句/小句 Phrase 短语 Word 词,Phrase, Clause and Sentence,17,IC analysis (Immediate Constituents Analysis) “IC analysis” is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two (or more) segments. This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are . What remain of the first cut are called “immediate constituents”, and what are left at the final cut are called “ultimate constituents”.,For example, “John left yesterday” can be thus segmented: “John| left yesterday”. We get two immediate constituents for the first cut (|), and they are “John” and “left yesterday”. Further split(|) this sentence generates three “ultimate constituents”: “John”, “left ” and “yesterday”.,How to analyze a sentence?,18,18,2019/6/5,LINGUISTICS,19,The | new | product | has | passed | tests | with |flying | colors.,The new product has passed tests with flying colors.,20,The new product has passed tests with flying colors.,Tree Diagram The new product has passed tests with flying colors.,21,Labeled Tree Diagram The new product has passed tests with flying colors. Det adj N aux. V N Prep adj N,NP,NP,VP,VP,NP,PP,Pred.,S (Sentence),22,Labeled Tree Diagram,S,NP,VP,NP,Det N V Det N A boy kicked the ball.,23,Seven Clause Patterns in English SV They are singing. SVC The job is difficult. SVA He was in the car. SVO Lily is playing chess. SVOO I will send you the plan. SVOC The boss considers his secretary excellent. SVOA I put the plate away. Refer to P93-5 of your course book.,5.3 Clause Types,24,5.4 Grammatical Categories,Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, parts of speech),Grammatical categories: word class: noun, verb, adjective etc. syntactic categories: word, phrase, clause & sentence functional categories: subject, object and so on.,25,Traditionally, grammatical category refers to the above aspects, but now it generally refers to certain properties of word classes represented by inflectional endings. In English, we have the following grammar categories: Number: noun( pl./ singular), pronoun, verb Tense: verb Case: pronoun, adjective Gender: pronoun, adjective Aspect: verb Voice: verb Mood: verb,26,Two categories of “half-clause”: 1. Non-finite clause (非限定分句) To-infinitive Its difficult for me to run fast. Bare infinitive -Ing participle -ed participle （Refer to P99-101）,5.5 Half-clauses(非谓小句),Clause: a complete unit Half clause: not complete unit,27,2. Verbless clause (无动词小句) While in prison, he wrote a novel. Whether right or wrong, you should admit it.,28,5.6 Semantic Roles of Clause Elements （小句成分的语义角色） Semantic Roles of noun phra