阅读理解之细节理解.ppt

阅读理解 细节理解,新郑一中高三英语组,细节理解题,题型解读：普通高中英语课程标准中达到英语学科的高中毕业要求为七级，其有关阅读最基本的要求是：“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：细节判断。这类题在高考阅读理解题中占一定的比例，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。,题型解读,从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。在高考阅读理解中出现的频率最最高。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。,命题考点,本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查这些细节。 研究近五年高考阅读理解，我们会发现，命题者很注重考查与主要事实和细节有关的题型。阅读理解考查的大部分题型是与主要事实和细节有关的题型。,设问形式,Which of the following is mentioned except According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ Where / why / how/ how many/how much/ how long/ How soon/ how often, etc. ? According to the passage, which of the following is true/ not true? According to the passage, Which of the following Is not mentioned ? Which of the following is true/false except? In the passage the write states that _. Choose the best order in which the people do_.,解题原则,忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。 （1）主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题 （2）文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体 （3）看细节内容要“跳出来“看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务。 （4）坚决遵循“本本主义“,文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题。,细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们 大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。,典例解析,（08湖北省）Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building. She trained as a nurse, but had to give it up when her elder child became seriously ill. “I would have liked to go back to it, but the shifts（工作班次） are all wrong for me, as I have to be home to get the children up and off to school.” So she works as a cleaner instead, from 9 a.m. till 6 a.m. five nights a week for just 90, before tax and insurance. “Its better than it was last year, but I still think that people who work unsocial hours should get a bit extra.,The hours she s chosen to work meant that she sees plenty of the children, but very little of her husband. However, she doesnt think that puts any pressure on their relationship. Her work isnt physically very hard, but its not exactly pleasant, either. “I do get angry with people who leave their offices like a place for raising pigs. If they realized people like me have to do it, perhaps theyd be a bit more careful.” The fact that shes working all night doesnt worry Margaret at all. Unlike some dark buildings at night, the building where she works is fully lit, and the women work in groups of three. “Since Ive got to be here, I try to enjoy myselfand I usually do, because of the other girls. We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags.”,Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living. “They think youre a cleaner because you dont know how to read and write,” said Margaret. “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what Id been doing, but I dont think that way any more. I dont dislike the work though I cant say Im mad about it.” 61. Margaret quit her job as a nurse because _ A. she wanted to earn more money to support her family B. she had suffered a lot of mental pressure C. she needed the right time to look after her children D. she felt tired of taking care of patients,【解析】C 第二段说她每天在家照顾孩子们起 床上学，第四段说她The hours she s chosen to work meant that she sees plenty ofthe children可知选C。,63. When at work, Margaret feels _. A. light-hearted because of her fellow workers B. happy because the building is fully lit C. tired because of the heavy workload D. bored because time passed slowly 【解析】A 从第六段最后一句because of the other girls. We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags.”可知选A。,解题策略,做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。 命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。,这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简 单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有 的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目 的等。 (1)排序题 此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实 然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发 生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系， 找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最 早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点， 然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出 正确答案。,【例题】 In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather d own to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front step into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.,Question：In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 【解析】选B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序， 显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是 第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就 可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知 先a后e，故选 B。,（2）计算题,计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。,Tuition Fees(学费) Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿) You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nz Health The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz. Sports The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz,Question:You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000 【解析】选B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些 事实来看，文章中所说的Tuition Fees 每年需要 from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需 要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算 可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需 要$8000。,（3）图形题 在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出 现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中， 这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同 时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解 答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所 暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片 来叙述的，我们可以采用先读题目再按图 寻找正确答案的方法。,（4）其它类型,【例题】Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second - and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.,The mountainous 64-square-mile island was Settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 177