高考阅读理解指导--主旨大意.ppt

高考阅读指导 标题和主旨大意,2014年浙江省普通高考考试说明对阅读理解题的考查要求: 本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能力，要求考生能够读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的短文以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过3%），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能： (1)理解主旨和要义； (2)理解文中具体信息； (3)根据上下文推断生词的词义 (4)作出判断和推理； (5)理解文章的基本结构； (6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,2009-2013年浙江省高考英语试卷阅读理解第一节考点分布,另：第二节2011、2012考查给各个段落加小标题，2013考查找段落的首句，其实质也就是考查主旨大意，对考生的语篇归纳与概括能力要求较高。,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,Scan the questions in the five passages and try to find the related questions.,Example150,Example260 Example359 Example459 Example5 60,Example356,设问形式: 1、标题类常见的标题型题干： 1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_. 2) The text (passage) could be entitled _. 3) What is the best title for the passage? 4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 5）Which of the following is the best title for the passage? 2、大意类常见的主题型题干： 1) Which of the following is conveyed in this article? 2) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3）The main idea of the passage/ paragraph1 is 4）The passage/paragraph1 is mainly about 5）The passage/paragraph1 mainly discusses 6）Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?,解题思路与应试技巧,一、标题类 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。 特点： .概括性: 短小精悍，多为一短语； .全面性:涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小； .针对性:精确性强，不能随意改变表意的程度及色彩。 标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。标题得像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要新颖醒目，能吸引读者。,选帽原则,Example1,50.What could be the best title for the passage? A. Charm of the Detour B. The Road to Bravery C. Creativity out of Necessity D. Road trip and Country Life,Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours(绕行路)in life that by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But It was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words. Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey-and the best part of yourself.,Charm of the Detour,An experience,(Too large),(Too narrow),(Too narrow),二、主旨大意类,关键： 识别文体，找到主题句（topic sentence),不同体裁文章主题句在文中的位置:,注： 8090% 的主旨大意出现在文章首段,说明文重视首段, 议论文重视首尾段, 注意每段第一句话； 记叙文重视重要情节，人物及事物特征。,如何找准主题句,一：主题句的特点: 包含文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题。 某些文章中反复出现的中心词(即高频词) 二. 关注重要标志词： but, yet, however 等 not onlybut also句型 for example ，such as等词 so, therefore, actually ,in short, 等词 show/find/ suggest/argue 等词后往往预示着新发现或真理,其后的为主题句,but also后的为主题句,其前的为主题句,其后的为主题句,其后的为主题句,Planning a visit to the UK? Here we help with ways to cut your costs.,Example2,说明文,主题句在文章首段（较常见）,60. The main purpose of the passage is _. A. to tell visitors how to book in advance B. to supply visitors with hotel information C. to show visitors the importance of self-help D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips,Example 3,广告类,56. What is mainly discussed in paragraph 2? the heat of the EP B. the safety of the EP C. the appearance of the EP D. the material of the EP,The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire. The outside of EP only gets warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets. (para2),无主题句： 考生需根据文章(段落）中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章（段落）的大意,59. The main purpose of the passage is to . A. persuade people to buy the product B. advise people to save on heating bills C. report the new development of portable heaters D. compare the difference of different heater brands,Take action right now!,注：结论性或者转折性的语言，这往往是文章的主旨。,Some people will do just about anything to save money.,I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes, clothes for my children, and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer, and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.,Example4. 59. What does the author want to tell us? A.How to expose bad tricks. B. How to reserve airline seats. C. How to spend money wisely. D. How to make a business deal.,注： 要关注关键段落、关键词、主题句。,议论文,Example5 60. The passage is meant to . A. justify paying for faster services B. discuss the morals of allocating things C. analyze the reason for standing in line D. criticize the behavior of queue jumping,Para2. Markets and queuespaying and waitingare two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities.,Para6.Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things.,文章中多次复现,反复讨论的话题大多是文章的主旨,议论文,推敲选项,排除干扰,1. 干扰项(即错误选项)特点 1）以偏概全，选项只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话； 2）过于笼统，即选项归纳的主题过于宽泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述； 3）选项的观点强加于作者, 选项的观点往往是读者根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视作者的见解； 4）相反信息，与文章的主题完全相反 5）无关信息，既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息。,2. 正确选项特点： 1）涵盖性强，覆盖全文； 2）确定的范围恰当, 既不太大,也不太小； 3）精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 切记在文章首尾段找准主题句,逆向思维法： 先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题或中心大意， 那么，按照这个标题或大意文章通常应该怎么写、写什么呢？ 根据其核心词, 我们可以大致确定下文章的结构和内容， 如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确； 如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。,推敲选项,排除干扰,Practice 2013 安徽卷B,62. The last paragraph is intended to . A. show us how to fix leaks at home B. tell us how to run a dishwasher C. prove what drinking glass is best for us D. suggest what we do to save water at home,You can take steps to save water in your home .To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,Topic sentence,63. The text is mainly about . A. Why paving roads reduces our water B. how much we depend on water to live C. why droughts occur more in dry climates D. how human activity affects our water supply,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways .You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water . A major Part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers .It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.,but, yet, however 等其后的为主题句,2012浙江任务型,.概括性.全面性.针对性,61._ When you concentrate on one task, you find you have energy that you didnt even know you had. Just imagine: you are at a fair and you have to carry two heavy pigs over 100 yards. If you keep grabbing one and then the other, it will take forever, because one of them will keep slipping out from under your arm and running off. But if you tie one pig in a place, pick up the other, gather all your strength and make a dash for the finish line, pause for a moment, run back and get the other one, and with great determination, carry the second pig to the finish line, then you can be sure of success.,C. Separate Your Actions,62._ The pressure at work is on the increase in all occupations. In the modern nuclear family, the expectations that formerly would have been shared among all the relatives are now concentrated on the individual partner. If you have the feeling that 24 hours per day are not enough for all the things you need to do, then its not because the day has too few hours, but because you have too many activities. A simple fact that overloaded people often tend to forget. The solution is equally simple: refuse to accept so many work assignments in your private life or your working life.,Topic sentence,E. Relieve Pressure by Firmly Saying “No“,63._ “I can handle stress“ is regarded as a positive statement in the world of work. People who can handle stress are given more and more to cope with - until one day they break. Pay careful attention to the signs that tell you that you are under more stress than you can cope with. These signals can come from various areas of life. You become ill, or your work efficiency decreases. If you have any of these symptoms, change your life goals and decrease your tolerance of stress. Say quite openly, “I cant manage that. “,结论性的句子,D. Allow Yourself to Be Weak,64._ “If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer, more clever, then I would be happier. “ This is a dream that makes a lot of people ill, depressed, and unhappy. Life has its flaws, defects, corners, and edges. Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life. Of course there are activities in which errors are dangerous: driving a car; crossing the road. But life doesnt consist entirely of these things. In among them there is a lot of room for small and large mistakes.,F. Stop Expecting Everything to Be Perfect,65._ Successful people all have their own places where they can