高考英语形容词和副词.ppt

人教版高中英语总复习,形 容 词 和 副 词,形容词/限定词/和副词功能各异,1. 形容词和副词 从构词角度来看，许多的副词是由形容词加后缀派生 而来，更有一些副词和同义形容词同形。这对于学习和使用这两种词 类有很大的便利。而从功能的角度来看，它们的差别又很大，并且还 有一些交叉，要注意区分。 2. 形容词和限定词 上述的联系和区别，也存在于形容词和限定词之间， 要注意区分。 1) 形容词修饰名词：扩大内涵、缩小外涵，加以分类： big dog some are big, some not 2) 限定词修饰名词：只具有限定作用，使名词具有语法意义: this dog,形容词的类别-按含义分类,按含义分类 1. 品质形容词 表示人或事物的品质。通常能用于比较级，数量很大。 如：active, big, dear等。 2. 类属形容词 表示人或事物的类别归属。通常不能用于比较级。 如： agricultural, basic, daily等。 3. 强调形容词 是一种“强意词”，即用于加强或减弱语义的词，起强调 作用 ，数量不多。 如：real,complete, perfect, pure, total, true等。 4. 颜色形容词 表示颜色。 如：blue, red, purple等。,形容词的类别-按结构分类 1,按结构分类 1. 单一形容词 许多形容词是单一的词。 2. ing形容词 即词尾是ing的形容词。 1）由及物动词的现在分词转化而来，其中许多是品质形容词，有时能用于最高级, 如：most disappointing， most exciting等。 2）由不及物动词的现在分词转化而来，不能用于比较级，而且只能做定语，如existing, rising等。 3）加有短小副词前缀的由现在分词转化来的形容词，如：ongoing, outstanding, incoming等。 4）与动词的现在分词无关的ing结尾的形容词，如：neighbouring。,形容词的类别-按结构分类 2,3. ed形容词 即词尾是ed的形容词。 1）由及物动词的过去分词转化而来。 A. 多为品质形容词，具有被动含义，如：amused, bored, 等。 B. 有些是类属形容词，不能用于比较级，如：required, infected armed, fixed, cooked等。 2）由不及物动词的过去分词转化而来，不能用于比较级，而且只能 做定语，如existed等。 3）加有副词前缀的过去分词转化来的形容词， 如：well-equipped, powerfully-built, highly-developed等。 4) 与过去分词无关的ed结尾的形容词，如：beloved。 5) 名词+ed构成的形容词，如：winged, flowered, salaried等。 此外，,形容词的类别-按结构分类 3,4. 复合形容词 1）形容词-名词ed：soft-hearted narrow-minded 2) 副词-过去分词：low-paid poorly-written 3) 形容词-现在分词：nice-looking fine-sounding 4) 副词-现在分词：hard-working long-standing 5) 名词-现在分词：labour-saving heart-breaking 6) 形容词-名词：white-collar full-time 7) 名词-过去分词：tree-lined road 8) 名词-形容词：duty-fee shop 9) 过去分词-副词：cast-off shoes 10) 副词-副词：all-out attempt 11) 动词-副词：take-home pay 12) 数词-名词：two-piece suit 还有由短语、短句转化而成的三个词或更多的词构成的复合形容词：heart-to-heart talk out-of-the-way place (a lonely place),形容词的类别-按作用分类 4,1. 表语形容词 只用作表语的形容词/在一定的结构中用作表语的形容词 这类词有些也可以做定语，但意义不同(如ill,ready等) 1) a-为字首的形容词：afraid, asleep, alive, alone, ashamed等 2) 其它字母为首的形容词：content, due, glad, likely, ready, sorry等 3）表示身体健康的形容词：ill, well, unwell, faint等 4）后接to的形容词组：devoted to, close to, next to, near to等 5）后接of的形容词组：aware of, full of, fond of, capable of 等 6）后接其它介词的形容词组：responsible for, dependent on, lacking in等 7) 后接其它不定式或that从句的形容词组。 A. 接其它不定式: liable to do, fit to be . B. 接that从句: confident that ., happy that.,形容词的类别-按作用分类 5,2. 定语形容词 只用作定语的形容词。 1) 全部强调形容词：total, pure, real, true等。 2) 多数颜色形容词。 3）大量类属形容词：east, west, indoor, outdoor, woolen等。 4）个别表语形容词 A. sure: a sure thing B. glad: glad news C. sorry: sorry one D. fond: fond hopes E. ill: ill comments F. ready: ready answer 3. 补语形容词 宾语补语在本质上是表语，所以表语形容词均可做补语： I found her ill. I hope to see you well soon. 4. 状语形容词 状语形容词通常引导一个短语，在本质上是表语，实际 上是一个省略了主语和系词的句子。 She grasped my hands, unable to say anything.,形容词的类别-按作用分类 6,5. 同位语形容词 某些形容词可做同位语. 1) 类似后置定语: He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and English. 2) 类似表语: I found Jim, unconscious, a few hours later. 6. 名词化形容词 1）the+形容词。 A. 表示一类人：the poor the lazy the well-to-do the dead B. 表示一类事物：the difficult the impossible the unexpected C. 表示一类品质：the new the old 2) 介词+ 形容词构成的固定词组： from bad to worse for sure for certain for free for short in short in general in full at least at most at best,形容词的位置 1,1. 形容词做定语的位置。 1）前置 2）后置 A. 部分形容词通常后置： sum total governor general president elect B. 部分形容词前置、后置意义相同： every way possible/ possible explanation something missing/ missing child C. 部分形容词前置、后置意义不同： people present/ present feeling D. 以-thing结尾的不定代词的形容词总后置： something wrong nothing important E. 状语形容词可视具体情况前置、后置或插在句中。,形容词的位置 2,3）多个形容词做定语时的顺序。 A. 冠词 品质形容词 颜色形容词 类别形容词 名词： a little white wooden house a small yellow wooden table B. 冠词 大小/年龄形容词 颜色形容词 国家类别形容词 分词 名词： a beautiful old red French handmade cupboard a handy little home-made calculator,二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法,1、表示“和一样”，用“as+原级+as”结构。 eg: He likes her as much as he likes his sister. 2、表示“不如”，用“not as/ so+原级+as”结构或“less+原级+than”结构 eg: He does not smoke as/ so heavily as his brother. He smokes less heavily than his brother. 3、表示“比更”，用“比较级+ than”结构。 eg: She sees me more often than she sees her brother. 4、表示“中最”,用“最高级+比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语从句。 eg: This is the best picture in the hall. This is the best picture that he has ever painted., 基本用法,二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法,5、表示“越来越”，用“比较级+ and +比较级”结构或“more and more + 原级”结构。 eg: Things are getting better and better every day. She is becoming more and more beautiful. 6、表示“是的几倍”，用“倍数+as+原级+as”结构，或者“倍数+比较级+than”结构。 eg: This classroom is three times as big as that one. This classroom is twice bigger than that one., 基本用法,二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法,1、形容词的比较级前面一般不加冠词，但表示“两者中较”的时候，要用“the+比较级+of ”。 eg: She is better than she was yesterday. She is the taller of the two girls. 2、形容词的最高级前面一般加定冠词，而副词的最高级前面可加可不加。 eg: This book is the most difficult that I have ever read. He jumped (the) highest of the three boys. 3、比较级前面可以用even(更加)，much(得多)，far(得多)，a littlie(一点)，a bit(一点)，slightly(些微地)，a great deal(大量)，a good deal(大量)，a lot(大量)，still(还，还要)等词语表示不定程度或数量。 eg: I am even less lucky. She is far better than me at writing., 特殊用法,形容词的等级比较 1,1. 形容词等级的构成 1）改变词尾 用于单音节词和以-y/-ow/-er/-te结尾的双音节词。闭 音节词要双写结尾的辅音字母。比较级加-er, 最高级加-est。 2）加副词 上述类别以外的加副词more构成比较级，加副词most构 成最高级。 3）不规则变化 good/well better best bad worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest,形容词的等级比较 2,2. 形容词等级的用法 1) 比较级 用于二者之间的比较。 A. 用于than比较结构：bigger than more exciting than worse than usual. colder than yesterday. quicker than by train more surprised than happy happier that I have ever been. B. 单独使用：feel better more expensive more suitable C. 用于加强比较级的词语：much far slightly any still even no some a lot a little a bit a great deal a couple a few 数词 D. 表示倍数:倍数+比较级adj./adv.+than My flat is three times larger than his.,形容词的等级比较 3,2) 形容词的最高级 A. 用于三者以上的比较,加定冠词，用in/of短语表示比较的范围： the oldest in the class the tallest of the three people the best film that Ive seen. B. 单独使用: my oldest son the most expensive book C. 加定语: the third longest river in the world the shortest possible time,形容词的同级比较,同级比较句型（使用形容词的原级）： 1. 表示二者“一样/不一样” as/soas: He is as energetic as a young man. The food wasnt so/as good as yesterday. 2. 表示倍数关系 倍数+as+adj./adv.+as: My flat is three times as large as his. 3. 典型短语 as brave as a lion 无畏 as busy as a bee 忙碌 as fat as a big 体胖如猪 as proud as a peacock 高傲 as sharp as needle 非常敏锐 as stupid as a donkey 笨拙,副词的类别,1. 按对象分类 1）针对动词 A. 时间副词：now recently B. 频度副词：always often C. 地点副词：nearby in at D. 方式副词：clearly badly gently E. 程度副词: almost poorly F. 强调副词：simply truly quite G. 方位副词：inside backwards H. 方面副词：morally socially 2) 句子副词 针对句子， 用于修饰整个句子，可以同enough配合使 用，如maybe, actually, fortunately, surely, luckily, funnily等。 3）引导句子 A. 疑问副词：when where how why 引导特殊疑问句 B. 连接副词：when where how why 引导状语从句 C. 关系副词：when where how why 引导定于从句,副词在句子中 的作用,1. 做状语，修饰各种形式的动词。 2. 做表语，只限于那些既可做介词，又可做副词的小品词in out up down back 等。 The light is still on. Are you through (with your work)? 3. 做宾语补足语，只限于上述的小品词。 Keep your coat on if you feel cold. I want it back now. 4. 做定语，只限于上述的小品词。 Write you name in the place below. The building around were badly damaged. 5. 做短语动词的一部分，只限于上述的小品词：give off go on get on,副词在句子中 的位置 1,副词在句子中的位置多变，基本取决于其修饰对象在意义表达上的需 要。 1. 后置 1）多数副词在动词之后：He works hard. 2）多数副词动在宾语之后： Hell come and see you tomorrow. 2. 中置 1）副词在主语和动词之间。 A. 宾语较长，为避免副词离动词过远： He carefully picked up all the bits of the broken glass. B. 含义为关于性格、智力的副词： I foolishly forgot my passport. He warmly welcomed us.,副词在句子中 的位置 2,2) 出于表达意义的需要，下列副词中置。suddenly, soon, nearly, surely, almost, just, still, really等 A. 在主语和动词之间： I almost forgot about it. She suddenly fell ill. B. 在系词和表语之间： The meeting is just over. 3. 前置 1) 副词在句首 A. 强调. 如：recently, indeed, really, apparently, indoors, 等: Recently I havent been feeling well. Indoors it was nice and warm. B. 疑问副词：How are things going?,副词在句子中 的位置 3,C. 句子副词： Surely youll stay for dinner. Luckily, she was in when I called. Honestly, I dont know. Funnily enough, I met her only yesterday. 2) 程度副词 放在其所修饰的词的前面：I wasnt much surprised. 3) only和even 放在于其意义最密切相关的词的前面，是逻辑中心。 Only he knows some English. He can only read; he cant speak. She speaks only French. Ill stay only for two days. Even he doesnt know this word. She even helped us to do that. Even at night he seldom relaxed. It was cold even in August.,副词的比较等级和使用,1. 副词等级的构成和使用与形容词的情况基本相同。 2. 副词的比较等级的一些特殊用法。 1）had better/ had best do sty: Wed better not disturb him. I had best fax them our plans. 2) to know better than (to) do something: 懂得不宜作某事： He knew better than to mention this to her. 3) to think better (of) sth: 改变主意/决定不这样做： He used to be a racial and thought better of it.,形容词和副词及其短语用法举要 1,1. more / less 短语 1) more than 超过/很/十分/不仅仅 He cant be more than thirty. She was more than pleased. She has been away for more than a year. no more than （=only, 所指数目具体)： He spent no more than 3 dollars for the book.(He did spend 3 dollars) not more than (=at most, 所指数目不具体)： There are not more than 20 rooms. (There are 2 or 3 less than 20) 2) more than 更多而不是 There is more war movie than a western (movie). 是战争片而不 是西部片。 3) more and more 越来越 The story gets more and more exciting.,形容词和副词及其短语用法举要 2,4) the more the more 越越 The warmer the weather, the better I feel. 5) less than 不到, 不太: I bought it for less than a dollar. 6) no less than 多达，不少于 :Its population is no less than two million. 7) more or less 大约, 整体上：The work is more or less finished. 2. worth 1) to be worth+表示价格/价值的词语： to be worth $400/much/ the price/ what you paid for it 2) to be worth doing (=to be done): Is this play worth seeing? 3. a good/great many（=a good few + 复数名词）： Ive been there a good/great many times.,形容词和副词及其短语用法举要 3,4. to be + adj. + to/for sb to be important to/for sb to be necessary to/for sb to be useful to/for sb to be harmful to/for sb to be harmless to/for to be natural to sb (某人天生的) to be unknown to sb to be helpful to sb to be valuable to 5. to be sorry 1) to be sorry, but . 2) to be sorry that . 3) to be sorry to do sth 4) to be/feel sorry for/about sb/sth 6. to be afraid 1) to be afraid to do sth 2) to be afraid of doing sth/sth/sb 7. adj.+and+adj.=adv. good and cold= very cold rare and hungry= very hungry nice and tired= very tired,形容词和副词及其短语用法举要 4,8. most= very: He is a most(=very) proud man most (very) thankful 9. very, adj. 一样的；同一的：the very question she asked yesterday 10. seldom=hardly ever/ rarely: 11. happily for sb (sb is lucky） 12. some time/ sometime/sometimes 13. one day ( used in past or future)/ some day (used in future) 14. the other day (used in past) /some other day (used in future) 15. every day (adv.) /everyday (adj.) 16. would/had/d rather 1) would/d rather sb did/had done sty: I would rather you went home now。 (present time) I would rather you had stayed with us yesterday.