大学英语四级写作专讲.ppt

大学英语四级作文,写作总论,评分标准： 本题满分为15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。 5-7分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8-10分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当，多其中有一些是严重错误。 11-13分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14-15分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误,从体裁来看，四级作文主要以议论文和说明文为主，主要包括： 1. 对比观点型： 2. 解决问题型：(包括:图表分析型) 3. 原因现象分析题 4. 应用文型,大学英语四级写作类型,1. 对比观点型：,要不要取消春晚（2006，12） 大学校园是否要开放（2005，12） 口语考试要不要考（2000，6） 精读还是泛读（1999，6） 幸运数字带不带来好运（1998，6） 钱能带来幸福与否（1995，1） 优缺点型： 娱乐活动的益处和坏处（2008.6） 双休日带来的好处和坏处（1996，1） 面试的优点（1995，6）,2. 原因现象分析题：,选择选修课的因素（2007，12） 选择大学任课教师（2006，6new）， 做人要诚实（2003，1）， 不要犹豫说“不”的原因等（1999，1） 假冒伪劣产品（1998，1）， 纯净水的短缺（1996，6），,3. 解决问题型：,怎样让孩子独立（2010,12） 怎样取得面试成功（2001，1） 怎样支付大学学费（2000，1） 图表： 大学生使用计算机（2002，6） 人们饮食的变化（1991，6）,4. 信件：,欢迎加入社团（2007，6） 招募志愿者活动辞(2006,6) 给老师的感谢信（2005，6） 竞选学生会的演讲稿（2005，1） 导游介绍（2004，1） 建议朋友报考专业信（2003，12） 帮助同学的感想（2004，1） 食堂投诉信（2002，1） 同学来访度假安排信（2001，6）,5. 谚语题,熟能生巧（1997，1） 描写文：车祸情况描述和原因分析文（2003，6）,历年考试题目：,考试时间/英文题目/话题/提纲形式 2012年6月 On Excessive Packaging 过度包装 现象描述+问题分析+解决措施 2011年12月Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will 2011年6月 Online Shopping 网购 现象描述+问题分析+解决措施 2010年12月 How should Parents Help Children to Be independent? 孩子独立 现象描述+解决问题 2010年6月 Due Attention should be Given to Spelling英语学习 现象描述+原因分析+解决措施,2007年12月 What Electives to Choose 选修课 现象描述+原因分析+我的看法 2007年6月 An Introduction to a Club 俱乐部介绍 社团介绍+原因分析+参加方式 2009年12月 Creating a Green Campus 绿色校园 现象描述+问题分析+解决措施 2009年6月 Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags 一次性塑料袋 现象描述+问题分析+解决措施 2008年12月 Free Admission to Museums 博物馆 现象描述+问题分析+解决措施 2008年6月 Recreational Activities 娱乐活动 现象描述+利弊分析+我的看法,2006年12月 On the Spring Festival Gala 春晚 现象描述+反方观点+我的看法 2006年6月（新题型） Students Selecting Their Teachers 选教师上课 现象描述+原因分析+问题分析 2006年6月（老题型）A Poster Recruiting Volunteers 志愿者活动 现象描述+活动描述+参加方式 2005年12月 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 大学校园开放与否现象描述+正反观点+我的看法,1. 正反观点型：（给定观点型）,定义： 要求比较明确，富有针对性，即直接要求考生比较两 种观点或两种做法，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态 度或观点，也就是做出选择。 基本结构： 对要评论的事物或现象进行整体介绍； 陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由； 表明自己的观点或结论。,近10年四级考试中对比选择型作文共出现过5次：,1）许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会 2）有些人提出取消春节晚会 3）我的看法,1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3）我认为,很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 也有人持不同意见 我的看法和打算,1.有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应当博览群书 3.我的看法,1）有些人认为某些数字会带来好运 2）我认为数字和运气无关,对比观点型作文主要有两种： 1) 是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由，人后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由； 2) 是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和坏处或优点和缺点，继而表明自己的看法或态度。 下面的模板是针对第一种类型来讲解，至于第二种类型，考生只需要在掌握第一种类型结构的基础上进行适当变形即可。,注：辩论式议论文模版,Model 1: Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that (观点1). But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that (观点2). As for me, I agree to (the former / latter idea). There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, (论据1). More importantly, (论据2). Most important of all, (论据3). In summary, (总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to (表决心).或:From above, we can predict that (预测).,Model 2: People hold different views about (X). Some people are for the opinion that (观点1), while others point out that (观点2). As far as I am concerned, (the former / latter opinion) holds more weight. For one thing, (论据1). For another, (论据2). Last but not the least, (论据3). To conclude, (总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to (表决心).或 From above, we can predict that (预测).,Model 3: There is no consensus among people on opinions about X(争论的焦点). Some people are for the view that (观点1)，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that (观点2). As far as I am concerned, (the former / latter notion) is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, (论据1). Furthermore, (论据2). Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, (论据3). A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that(总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to (表决心). 或 From above, we can predict that (预测).,正反观点型结构模板 :,Model 4 1）When it comes to 事物/问题, there is no complete agreement among people. 2）Some people take it for granted that 一种观点. 3）However, others maintain that 另一种观点. 4）Those people who hold the former opinion believe, 观点一理由一. 5）In addition, 观点一理由二. 6） Therefore, 总结观点一. 7）However，still others advocate the latter opinion because they hold 观点二理由一. 8）Besides， they argue that 观点二理由二. 9）So, 总结观点二,10） Weighing up these two arguments, “我”的 看法. 11）For one thing, 个人看法的依据一. 12） For another, 个人看法的依据二. 13）Taking above- mentioned factors into consideration, we /I may reasonably conclude that 重申观点 .,利弊题型模板,Model 1: Nowadays many people prefer to (_) because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. On one hand, (_).One the other hand,(_). But every sword(刀) has two blades(刀面)/Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that (_).To make matters worse,(_). Through the above analysis, I believe that The positive aspects far outweigh(超过) its negative aspects/the advantages far outweigh its disavantages, because (_).,Model 2: There is no consensus among people as to the view of whether (_). The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that (_).A case in point is that (_). On the other hand, other may have a quite different view. According to them, (_).The most typical example is that (_). Weighing the pros and cons (正反面)of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly(公认地), the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but it is more convincing that (_).,对比论述型作文,真题实战 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? （2000. 6） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 2. 也有人持不同的意见， 3. 我的看法和打算,2. 对策方法型,对策方法型作文通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。这种题型常见的结构模式是： 第一段: 导言。描述现状、困难，提出问题。 第二段: 方法。列举说明处理某事的方法或解决某个问题的途径。 第三段: 评价、建议或个人选择。针对第二段所阐 述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人 建议或选择，并简述理由。 注：本题型的写作重点在How,即解决办法。,Model 1,With the development of economy, we have to face a problem that (_). Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is necessary for us to learn how to solve it. The following ways are effective in dealing with the problem. Firstly, (_); Secondly, (_); Finally, (_). As far as I am concerned, I suggest that (_). My reason is that (_).,Model 2,With the development of economy, it is becoming more and more important that (_). Therefore, it is urgent for us to learn how to do with it. There are many ways to solve it. To begin with, (_); Next, (_); Last but not least, (_). As for me, it is time that (_). Because (_).,Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立,父母应该 How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? (2010.12),对策方法作文常用句子 It is high time that something was done about On the whole, it is high time that every one It is essential that effective measures be taken to In short/ In a word/ In conclusion/ In summary/ In brief/ To sum up/ To conclude/ All in all Many factors lead to the trend of increasing in examination. There are several reasons why some people prefer to travel by bike, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. There are three reasons, I think, for the growing number of ads on TV.(使用插入语) What is to account for? In fact the reasons are not difficult to get. First, . Second .,3. 现象分析型,作文命题是关于某个社会现象或社会问题的，要求考生分析该现象或问题所产生的原因或造成的后果。 例 On Students Selecting Lecturers (2006. 6) 1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师 2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素 3. 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,“现象+原因+解决方法”题型模板,Model 1: With the development of the society, (_普遍现象_),so we have to face a fact that (_具体现象_). What are the reasons for it? To start with,(_). Moreover, (_). Furthermore, (_). In view of the influence of the fact, effective measures should be taken. For one thing, it is high time that (_); for another, we should change our attitudes and try our best to put the situation under control.,一,Model 2:,Model 3： Nowadays, it occurs to us that (_). And (_)has aroused peoples greatest concern. There are many reasons for it. The main reason is (_). What is more, (_).Thirdly, (_). Considering all these, I think that effective measures should be taken. For one thing, (_). For another, (_). In conclusion, (_).,Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3我的建议 Online Shopping (2011.06),4. 图表分析型 图表作文的命题形式是根据图画或者图表，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。然后进行分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。图表作文是一种信息的转换。也就是说，写图表作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎读图，准确把握图表传达的信息，将其扩展成文。图表作文往往是以说明为主，图表中的数据是为了说明某个问题而提供的，只要问题能阐释清楚，就不必面面俱到地把所有数据都在文章中引用出来。考生要切忌毫无目的地引用图表中的数据,引用数据过多的同学往往得分很低.,图表作文的段落设计 1). 开头段-说明该图表反映的概况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述； 2). 中间段-对数据进行仔细地分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因； 3). 结尾段-写出看完图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结论。,Model 1,The chart shows that (_). It is self-evident that (_). The following reasons account for this phenomenon. To begin with, (_). In addition, (_). Last but not least, (_). In my view, (_). On the one hand, (_). On the other hand ,(_). In conclusion, (_).,Model 2,From the chart, we can clearly see that (_). It is obvious that (_).Three possible reasons contribute to this phenomenon. One reason is that(_). Another reason is that(_). As a result,(_). However, I think (_). For one thing,(_). For another,(_). To sum up,(_).,图表分析型,上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 请说明发生这些变化的原因 （可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,图表分析型 范文欣赏,(1)The chart shows that students are now spending much more time on the computer, from one hour to four hours per week from 1990 to 1995. (2) It is self-evident that it increases sharply to twenty hours in the year of 2000. (3) Three possible reasons contribute to this phenomenon.,(4) One reason is that most college students now can afford a personal computer due to the sharp decline in its price. (5) Another reason is that they find the computer a wonderful thing to have fun with. (6) For instance, they can chat through QQ or playing games online. (7) Whats more, from Internet, they can learn things much more quickly than simply from reading books so that they can secure a good job in the future. (8) As a result, all these lead to much more time spent on using computers.,(9) However, in my opinion, there are some complaints from both teachers and students. (10) For one thing, students complain about the less availability of computers and slow speed of the network. (11) For another, some teachers worry that the much more time spent playing computer games or surfing online will lead students to ignore their studies and even do cheating instead of doing research by their own. (12) To sum up, in spite of problems concerning the use of computer, computer is still of more merits than defects.,5. 叙事型,四级写作中设计的叙事类作文一般是要求考生叙述一个时间发生的经过，如车祸、生病或一次难忘的经历，然后谈谈自己的感受或得到的启示。 第一段: 交代事情发生背景 第二段：交代事情发生经过 第三段：得出结论(个人感受等),范文,Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic pickpocketing. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 描述一下你在公共场所亲眼目睹的扒窃事件。 谴责这种犯罪行为 在构建和谐社会的进程中，人人都应该有正义感。,6. 观点论证型,证观点类作文一般需要考生按照要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。 第一段：提出论点 第二段：举例论证 第三段：总结观点,Model 1,The saying (“_”) has been widely accepted for many years. It tells us that (_). The truth of it is self-evident. Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument. A case in point (_). For another example, (_). Therefore,(_). Judging from the evidence offered, we may come to the conclusion that (_). In summary, (_).,Model 2,As the proverb goes, (“_”). It reminds us that (_). The truth of it is deep and profound. There are numerous examples supporting this argument. A case in point (_). For another example, (_). As a result,(_). All the above-mentioned explanations tell us that(_). In a word, (_).,范文,例：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 为什么说“欲速则不达”？ 2. 试举例说明。,观点论证型范文欣赏,Haste Makes Waste The Proverb “Haste makes waste” has been widely accepted for many years. It reminds us that if we are to achieve our final goal we have to do it in a down-to-earth(现实的) way. The truth of it is deep and profound. There are numerous examples supporting this argument. A case in point is the ancient Chinese story of “Helping the shoots grow by pulling”. This story proved that the haste caused not only waste but great loss. For another example, some parents and teachers, in order to improve childrens academic performance in a short time, tend to put too heavy burden on children. This, as a result, brings the children nothing but great pressure. All the above-mentioned explanations tell us that we shouldnt be over anxious for quick results. Everything has its own developing law. Therefore, whatever we do, we should not pay too much attention to the speed and ignore these laws.,7. 应用文类型,四级考试中的应用文一般会给出一个特定的情景，要求考生根据该情景写一封短信、倡议书或演说词等。 应用文涉及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近, 主要包括：投诉信、求职信、求学信、拒绝信、道歉信、感谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、求职信、演说辞、倡议书、海报、景点介绍和日程安排等。 从历年真题来看，应用文的考查以信函为主，但近几年也常涉及其他类型，如倡议书、景点介绍等。,1). 建议信 模板,右上角：日期 左上角：称呼 正文： 第一段: 交代建议针对的背景事件，说明写信 的目的；针对该事件提出建议，引出 对建议的具体阐述。 第二段: 具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由。 第三段: 表达良好的祝愿和期望。 右下脚：署名,建议信范文欣赏,A Letter to a Schoolmate June 20,2001 Dear Xiao Wang： I am very glad to learn that you will visit me soon. Here I am writing to give you my advice about the arrangement for your coming holiday in Hangzhou. In my opinion, West Lake should certainly be your first destination since it is such a famous and beautiful place. Then, I suggest you go to Ling yin Temple, Lu he Tower and Yue wang Shrine(庙). Besides, if you have time, Qian dao Lake is also a good site you could not miss. Of course, besides visiting the places of interest, you should taste the local flavor snacks(风味小吃) of Hangzhou, like small steamed buns(小笼包). Finally, I must remind you that you should not leave your belongings unattended since there are so many people on the train and at the railway station. I am sure you will enjoy your visit in Hangzhou. If you have any questions or requirements, do not hesitate to tell me. I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Truly yours Wang Fang,2)投诉信 模板,右上角：日期 左上角：称呼 正文： 第一段：表明自己的身份，写信的目的 何事投诉何人或机构。 第二段：具体阐述投诉的内容和投诉的理由。 第三段：提出解决建议并期望尽快解决，表 示感谢。 右下脚：署名,投诉信 范文欣赏,A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus Dec. 20, 2002 Dear President： My name is Li Ming. I am a junior form the Civil Engineering School(土木工程学院). I venture to write you a letter to make a complaint about the canteen(食堂) service in our school. The focus of the complaint is the poor quality and high price of the food. On one hand, the rice is very hard, the steam bread is often cold, and the vegetables are always overcooked. On the other hand, the price of the food is so high that many poor students are burdened heavily. Under these circumstances, I find it impossible for us students to fully concentrate on the study and enjoy the campus life. I will be very obliged if you can consider my compliant seriously, I do hope the service of the canteen will be much improved as soon as possible. Thank you for your time and kind consideration. Sincerely yours Li Ming,3)拒绝信 模板,右上角：日期 左上角：称呼 正文： 第一段：交代写信目的，委婉表达自己对邀 请、请求等的拒绝，并向对方表示 谢意。 第二段：具体阐述拒绝对方的理由。 第三段：希望不会给对方带来不便，向对方 表示抱歉和祝愿。 右下脚：署名,拒绝信范文欣赏,A Letter Declining a Job Offer Jan.12, 2008 Dear Mr. Wang： I am very sorry to tell you that I have to decline your job offer. To be honest, it would be a very good chance for me to work in your company. However, the current situation doesnt allow me to do this. This has been a difficult decision for me, but I have to do this. On one hand, I have accepted another job offer before you informed me of your decision, which is more in line with my skills and career goals. On the other hand, two hours commute (通勤) to your building is really a burden on me. On account of all these, you can understand why I could not accept your offer. I hope this does not cause you too much inconvenience. Anyway, I do appreciate your kindness to discuss the details of the position with me and give me time to consider your offer. Meanwhile, I wish that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible. Sincerely yours Jane,4)求职信 模板,右上角：日期 左上角：称呼 正文： 第一段：交代写信目的，申请某职位，说明获得招聘信息的来源，表达申请职位的愿望。 第二段：介绍自己的学习经历、能力和特长，证明自己能够胜任工作。 第三段：感谢对方抽出时间和经历，随信附有自己的简历，并愿意提供进一步的信息，希望等到面试的机会。 右下脚：署名,求职信 范文欣赏,A Job Application Letter June 20, 2003 To whom it may concern： I am writing to apply for the post of engineer advertised in China Daily, I believe my qualifications are ideal match of your requirements. I will graduate on July 1 of this year form Dong bei University. My major in mechanical engineering and my training in this aspect definitely meet your requirements. In addition to learning the required courses, I have also accepted training in Professional Training Program in my spare time. Whats more, I have been an intern student in several companies related to my major, which provided me a great deal of experience in computer applications. I believe my training and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who are lack of working experience. I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed (附上的) resume and if there is any additional information your require, please contact me.