考研英语长难句树形阅读法.ppt

长难句的构成,英语的难句=主句+从句+短语 不同于汉语的句子全是简单句，没有复杂句。如果把英语的难句比喻成大树，那么主句相当于树干，从句相当于树枝，而短语相当于叶子。只要把握主句，就可理解大意。相比之下，汉语的句子就好比是竹子，一节一节的。 因此，我们在理解英语难句的时候要学会“拆”把复杂句拆成简单句来理解。也就是说，要学会抓住“树干”，拆掉“枝叶”。,如何“拆”,任何句子都必须有谓语动词，所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此，理解难句的基本步骤是： 1）识别出有哪几个谓语动词； 2）找出主句的谓语动词，先理解主句； 3）再去理解从句和短语。,利用 “树形结构图” 分析英语长难句,所谓树形结构就是指存在“一对多” 的数据结构， 结合到英语句子成分上面就是： 句子主干或主句 （树干） 只有一个， 但是有多个分句 （树枝） 和许多的修饰成分（树叶） 。,1.靠近策略,英语句子中， 修饰语往往紧跟在被修饰的句子成分后， 就像 “树枝” 上的 “树叶” 。如： Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of An Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude.,Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of An Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude（鲁莽行事的）.,译文： 罗纳德史德辛格，这位哈佛大学学者， 且是发展迅速的面包咖啡连锁店 “An Bon Pain” 的前总裁，说很多 “再改造工程” 都是鲁莽行事的。,2. 独立成句策略,长难句中通过有效 “断句” 来切分主从句， 并将一些起修饰作用的成分进行独立处理， 会大大提高理解力。 具体方法如下： 1) 利用能断句的标点符号 此类标点符号有我们熟识的句号， 还可以使分号， 以及可能是对它前面部分起进一步说明的单破折号、 双破折号等。,The concept implies educational opportunity for all children the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.,The concept implies educational opportunity for all children the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.,那种思想意味着提供受教育的机会给所有的孩子每个孩子在尽其所能的学习中得到帮助的权利，而不管孩子的能力是大是小。,2)利用能断句的连接词,此类连接词有很多， 如and, or, however,和wh开头的连接词 where, when, why, who, which 以及其他一些承接词even though, because, unless 等。,The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combinedin the presence of chlorophyll and with energy derived from lightto form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant.,The processes of photosynthesis (光合作用 ) , by which carbon dioxide and water are combinedin the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from lightto form sugars, require that carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) from the air enter the plant.,光合作用过程要求空气中的二氧化碳进入植物。在此过程中，二氧化碳与水结合在叶绿素和光线中获得的能量的参与下产生糖分。,3. 模糊处理策略,为实现较快速度的阅读， 将某个句子对应着实践的主体+中介+客体的模式笼统地划分为主+谓+宾的基本形式， 不细分其内在复杂关系， 其中的 “主” 、 “宾” 只是代表发生相互联系和作用的两个独立个体， “谓” 指相互联系和作用的关系，即模糊处理策略。,1.具有 “谓” 结构的分词形式处理成主谓宾结构,The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympia Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against competitor had been abolished, international.,The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympia Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against competitor had been abolished, international.,奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次， 为了纪念宙斯，这位奥林匹克众神之王。它最终失去了它的地方性质，先是成为全国性赛事，后来在抵制他国竞赛选手的规定被取消后，又成为国际性的赛事。,2）补充说明成份分到与之相近的主语或宾语中,一些说明成分表时间、 方式、 条件、 比较等的补语状语等划分到它所修饰的中心词中。,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximum production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of lobe and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangement?,I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically (官僚主义地) managed industrialism in which maximum production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist (富有人性) industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities (潜力)those of lobe and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangement?,我建议转变我们的社会体系，从官僚主义式管理的